Endurance exercise stimulates skeletal muscle signalling networks involved in the regulation of protein kinases and phosphorylation of protein substrates that underpin the benefits of exercise on health and fitness.

To date, skeletal muscle exercise signalling analyses have primarily focused on a select group of kinases and substrates. The recent applications of omics technologies have highlighted the complexity and interconnection of exercise signalling networks that involve mitochondrial and nuclear phosphoproteins.

By interrogating the existing literature and skeletal muscle exercise-regulated phosphoproteomic datasets, this review highlights signalling crosstalk and protein translocation between the mitochondrion and nucleus involved in stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis and eliciting exercise’s health benefits.