Table 3.
Risk of bias assessments
| Citation | Domain | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confounding | Selection bias | Intervention | Deviations from intended intervention | Missing data | Outcome measurement | Selection of reported results | Overall assessment of bias | |
| Arbel (2022) [29] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Bajema (2022) [30, 38] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Evans (2023) [31] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Serious |
| Najjar-Debbiny (2023) [32] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Paraskevis (2023) [33] | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Wai (2023) [34] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Wong (2022) [35] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Xie (2023) [36] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Yip (2023) [37] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
The risk of bias for each study was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool [28]