Fig. 4.

Effects of acute WS exposure on (a-h) bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine concentrations and (i-k) BALF immune cell responses in a sex-dependent manner. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, with (l) representing the corresponding P value for each variable (sex, treatment, and interactions between sex and treatment) that influenced changes in cytokines and BALF cell levels, where P < 0.05 signified statistical significance. Asterisks indicate significant mean differences among groups, as determined through multiple comparisons using Tukey’s post-hoc test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. Each treatment group had n = 8 mice. Mice across all groups were euthanized 24 h post-exposures