Table 2.

Results of Logistic Regression Analysis in the Models Including Age, Sex and %FEV₁ as Independent Variables and mMRC ≥2 or Number of Exacerbations ≥2 Within the Past Year as a Dependent Variable

	mMRC ≥2	p value	Exacerbation ≥2 year-1	p value
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Age, per 1-year increase	1.05 (1.03–1.07)	<0.0001	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.98
%FEV1, per 1% increase	0.94 (0.94–0.95)	<0.0001	0.96 (0.95–0.97)	<0.0001
Sex (females versus males)	2.02 (1.32–3.09)	0.0011	2.04 (1.25–3.33)	0.0046

Notes: The results indicated that even after adjusting for age and %FEV₁, females exhibited significantly higher levels of dyspnea and exacerbation rates compared to males.

Abbreviations: %FEV₁, percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s; mMRC, modified medical research council dyspnea scale; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.