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. 2024 Jan 17;124(6):1733–1745. doi: 10.1007/s00421-023-05397-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Individual response of running speed (a), stride length (b), and stride time in (c) of each participant during running at four conditions: free and Nordic running in regular terrain (FR and NR), and free and Nordic running in irregular terrain (FI and NI). The comparison of the response of each participant is given between free vs. Nordic running in the superior panel, and between regular vs. irregular terrain in the lower panel. Below each plot there are the respective graphical representation of the paired Hedges’ g effect size (mean and 95% confidence interval). The effect size was calculated in relation to the FR condition