Table 1.
Clinical features of the study population and the assessment of anthropometric indexes, biochemical parameters, and non-invasive tools among the three-time points evaluations.
| Clinical characteristics of the study population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (frequency distribution) | SARS-CoV-2 infection during the observation period (frequency distribution) | ||||||
| Male (n and %) | Female (n and %) | Yes (n and %) | No (n and %) | ||||
| 90 (48.1%) | 97 (51.9%) | 62 (33.1%) | 125 (66.9%) | ||||
| Dysmetabolic comorbidities and relative medications administration (frequency distribution) | |||||||
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) | Medications administration in T2DM affected patients (n:74) | ||||||
| Yes (n) | No (n) | Yes (%) | No (%) | No (n and %) | Yes (n and %) | Class of medication | Patients using the drug (n and %) |
| 74 | 113 | 39.6% | 60.4% | 3 (4.1%) | 71 (95.9%) | Metformin | 32 (45.1%) |
| Sulfonylureas | 20 (28.2%) | ||||||
| Gliptins | 19 (26.7%) | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | Medications administration in dyslipidemia affected patients (n:83) | ||||||
| Yes (n) | No (n) | Yes (%) | No (%) | No (n and %) | Yes (n and %) | Class of medication | Patients using the drug (n and %) |
| 83 | 104 | 44.4% | 55.6% | 9 (10.9%) | 74 (89.1%) | Statins | 43 (58.1%) |
| Ezetimibe | 22 (29.7%) | ||||||
| Statin/Ezetimibe | 9 (12.1%) | ||||||
| Fibrates | 15 (20.3%) | ||||||
| Obesity | Medications administration in obesity affected patients (n:98) | ||||||
| Yes (n) | No (n) | Yes (%) | No (%) | No (n and %) | Yes (n and %) | Class of medication | Patients using the drug (n and %) |
| 98 | 89 | 52.4% | 47.59% | 82 (83.7%) | 16 (16.3%) | DPP4- I | 9 (56.2%) |
| GLP-1 agonist | 5 (31.3%) | ||||||
| Intestinal lipase-I (orlistat) | 2 (12.5%) | ||||||
| Essential arterial hypertension | Medications administration in hypertension affected patients (n:92) | ||||||
| Yes (n) | No (n) | Yes (%) | No (%) | No (n and %) | Yes (n and %) | Class of medication | Patients using the drug (n and %) |
| 92 | 95 | 49.2% | 50.8% | 17 (18.5%) | 75 (81.5%) | Diuretics | 37 (49.3%) |
| ACE-I | 22 (29.3%) | ||||||
| CCB | 11 (14.6%) | ||||||
| Beta-Blockers | 13 (17.3%) | ||||||
| Sartans | 19 (25.3%) | ||||||
| Anthropometric indexes, biochemical parameters, and non-invasive tools | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (mean ± SD) | Baseline (T0: January 2018) | Intermediate (T1: January 2020) | End of the study (T2: January 2022) | Comparison between the three-time points evaluations | |||
| Time-points | 95% CI | p-value | |||||
| Height (m) | 1.69 ± 0.07 | / | / | / | / | / | |
| Weight (kg) | 79.6 ± 9.6 | 79.4 ± 10.12 | 88.3 ± 14.9 | T0 vs T1 | 0.4678 to 0.7754 | 0.82 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −8.966 to −4.42 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −9.035 to −4.659 | <0.0001 | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 132.1 ± 12 | 131.2 ± 9.4 | 130.5 ± 9.4 | T0 vs T1 | −0.7622 to 2.431 | 0.43 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −0.1017 to 3.314 | 0.07 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −0.7127 to 2.256 | 0.44 | |||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 10.9 | 78.4 ± 9.5 | 78.6 ± 8.4 | T0 vs T1 | −1.363 to 2.01 | 0.91 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −1.669 to 1.924 | 0.98 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −1.763 to 1.369 | 0.95 | |||||
| Body Mass Index | 27.8 ± 2.2 | 27.7 ± 2.4 | 30.1 ± 4.6 | T0 vs T1 | 0.1591 to 0.2752 | 0.8 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −3.05 to −1.453 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −3.083 to −1.541 | <0.0001 | |||||
| WHR | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 1.13 ± 0.22 | T0 vs T1 | −0.020 to 0.022 | 0.99 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −0.201 to −0.120 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −0.201 to −0.122 | <0.0001 | |||||
| WHR/BMI | 0.035 ± 0.005 | 0.035 ± 0.004 | 0.039 ± 0.008 | T0 vs T1 | −0.001 to 0.001 | 0.774 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −0.004 to −0.002 | <0.001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −0.004 to −0.002 | <0.001 | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.2 ± 17.2 | 183.8 ± 16.3 | 223.2 ± 28.2 | T0 vs T1 | −1.398 to 2.464 | 0.79 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −44.60 to −32.59 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −44.94 to −33.31 | <0.0001 | |||||
| LDL (mg/dL) | 118.9 ± 21.2 | 118.3 ± 20.05 | 162.5 ± 30.3 | T0 vs T1 | −3.011 to 4.105 | 0.929 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −49.55 to −37.7 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −49.88 to −38.47 | <0.0001 | |||||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.7 ± 11.8 | 43.7 ± 10.4 | 30.4 ± 9.2 | T0 vs T1 | −1.893 to 1.853 | 0.99 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 11.04 to 15.66 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 11.21 to 15.53 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.8 ± 26.2 | 111.2 ± 26.8 | 153.4 ± 43.8 | T0 vs T1 | −4.414 to 4.344 | 0.99 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −47.76 to −33.7 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −47.47 to −33.95 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 22.01 ± 11.4 | 23.02 ± 11.8 | 24.4 ± 12.6 | T0 vs T1 | −1.602 to 1.310 | 0.8143 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 10.76 to 14.70 | 0.0003 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 10.63 to 14.39 | 0.0003 | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | T0 vs T1 | −1.402 to 1.420 | 0.8366 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 10.26 to 12.80 | 0.0007 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 10.42 to 12.19 | 0.0007 | |||||
| HOMA-IR | 5.13 ± 3.85 | 5.92 ± 3.91 | 6.15 ± 4.41 | T0 vs T1 | −1.301 to 1.520 | 0.7892 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 11.76 to 12.70 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 10.13 to 13.59 | <0.0001 | |||||
| AST (U/L) | 40.9 ± 15.1 | 40.1 ± 13.5 | 54.5 ± 15.6 | T0 vs T1 | −1.494 to 3.044 | 0.699 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −16.65 to −10.56 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −17.33 to −11.43 | <0.0001 | |||||
| ALT (U/L) | 70.5 ± 15.3 | 69.4 ± 15.7 | 87.4 ± 21.9 | T0 vs T1 | −1.406 to 3.672 | 0.1354 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −20.32 to −13.56 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −21.94 to −14.21 | <0.0001 | |||||
| PLT (x103/μL) | 157.7 ± 34.5 | 158.2 ± 34.4 | 153.1 ± 40.8 | T0 vs T1 | −2.108 to 1.092 | 0.7320 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 6.491 to 15.09 | 0.0552 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 7.488 to 15.11 | 0.1334 | |||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | T0 vs T1 | −0.008 to 0.035 | 0.3064 | |
| T0 vs T2 | 0.104 to 0.207 | 0.1225 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | 0.093 to 0.191 | 0.0576 | |||||
| NFS | −0.732 ± 0.946 | −0.633 ± 0.991 | −0.034 ± 1.134 | T0 vs T1 | −0.205 to 0.007 | 0.072 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −0.828 to −0.566 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −0.743 to −0.453 | <0.0001 | |||||
| LSM (kPa) | 9.85 ± 4.5 | 9.82 ± 4.38 | 11.68 ± 5.21 | T0 vs T1 | −0.073 to 0.117 | 0.847 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −2.162 to −1.499 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −2.197 to −1.508 | <0.0001 | |||||
| CAP (dB/m) | 290.8 ± 32.8 | 291.0 ± 33.6 | 334.3 ± 45.7 | T0 vs T1 | −1.788 to 1.799 | >0.99 | |
| T0 vs T2 | −50.16 to −36.7 | <0.0001 | |||||
| T1 vs T2 | −50.07 to −36.78 | <0.0001 | |||||
ACE-I Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, CCB Calcium channel blockers, DPP4-I dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, CAP controlled attenuation parameter, dL deciliter, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, kPa Kilopascal, L liter, LSM Liver stiffness measurement, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, M meter, mmol millimoles, mmHg millimeters: millimeter of mercury, NFS NAFLD Fibrosis Score, PLT platelets, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, SD standard deviation, U unit, WHR waist-hip ratio, μ micro, n number. The Kruskal-Wallis test or ANOVA test with post-hoc Tukey analysis, in the case of non-normal or normal distribution respectively, were performed to compare the continuous variables among three observation times. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among the three periods are reported in bold.