Table 1. Covariates according to level of education. [MSD=musculoskeletal disorder; BMI=body mass index; IHD=ischemic heart disease].
| >15 a | 13–14 b | 12 c | 10–11 d | <9 e | P-value f | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||||
| Total | 6469 | 18.5 | 5363 | 15.3 | 5597 | 16.0 | 9797 | 28.0 | 7725 | 22.1 | ||||||
| Childhood socioeconomic position | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||||
| Unskilled manual | 1118 | 17.3 | 1379 | 25.7 | 1646 | 29.4 | 3564 | 36.4 | 3174 | 41.1 | ||||||
| Skilled manual | 1000 | 15.5 | 1171 | 21.8 | 1363 | 24.4 | 2720 | 27.8 | 1932 | 25.0 | ||||||
| Lower non-manual | 1002 | 15.5 | 726 | 13.5 | 651 | 11.6 | 848 | 8.7 | 474 | 6.1 | ||||||
| Intermediate non-manual | 1830 | 28.3 | 1048 | 19.5 | 931 | 16.6 | 999 | 10.2 | 484 | 6.3 | ||||||
| Higher non-manual | 921 | 14.2 | 299 | 5.6 | 283 | 5.1 | 204 | 2.1 | 118 | 1.5 | ||||||
| Farmer | 398 | 6.2 | 560 | 10.4 | 505 | 9.0 | 1000 | 10.2 | 1160 | 15.0 | ||||||
| Not classified | 200 | 3.1 | 180 | 3.4 | 218 | 3.9 | 462 | 4.7 | 383 | 5.0 | ||||||
| Divorced parents | 424 | 6.6 | 375 | 7.0 | 481 | 8.6 | 1113 | 11.4 | 894 | 11.6 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Psychiatric diagnosis | 478 | 7.4 | 361 | 6.7 | 427 | 7.6 | 1055 | 10.8 | 1033 | 13.4 | <0.0001 | |||||
| MSD diagnosis | 1081 | 16.7 | 859 | 16.0 | 821 | 14.7 | 1585 | 16.2 | 1317 | 17.0 | 0.0044 | |||||
| Cognitive ability | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 108 | 1.7 | 207 | 3.9 | 520 | 9.3 | 2104 | 21.5 | 2874 | 37.2 | ||||||
| Medium | 1963 | 30.3 | 2246 | 41.9 | 2965 | 53.0 | 5989 | 61.1 | 4152 | 53.7 | ||||||
| High | 4398 | 68.0 | 2910 | 54.3 | 2112 | 37.7 | 1704 | 17.4 | 699 | 9.0 | ||||||
| Low emotional control | 1507 | 23.3 | 1226 | 22.9 | 1335 | 23.9 | 2833 | 28.9 | 2583 | 33.4 | <0.0001 | |||||
| BMI >25 kg/m2 | 229 | 3.5 | 261 | 4.9 | 332 | 5.9 | 697 | 7.1 | 672 | 8.7 | <0.0001 | |||||
| High blood pressure | 567 | 8.8 | 500 | 9.3 | 494 | 8.8 | 911 | 9.3 | 857 | 11.1 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||||
| Does not drink alcohol | 475 | 7.3 | 342 | 6.4 | 280 | 5.0 | 517 | 5.3 | 468 | 6.1 | ||||||
| 1–100 grams per week | 4905 | 75.8 | 4091 | 76.3 | 4140 | 74.0 | 6775 | 69.2 | 5271 | 68.2 | ||||||
| 101–250 grams per week | 1002 | 15.5 | 850 | 15.8 | 1063 | 19.0 | 2151 | 22 | 1626 | 21.0 | ||||||
| >250 grams per week | 87 | 1.3 | 80 | 1.5 | 114 | 2.0 | 354 | 3.6 | 360 | 4.7 | ||||||
| Smoking >5 cigarettes/day | 1860 | 28.8 | 1887 | 35.2 | 2464 | 44.0 | 5076 | 51.8 | 4362 | 56.5 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Physical work 2005 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 3426 | 53.0 | 1497 | 27.9 | 973 | 17.4 | 763 | 7.8 | 308 | 4.0 | ||||||
| Medium low | 1811 | 28.0 | 1666 | 31.1 | 1368 | 24.4 | 1462 | 14.9 | 675 | 8.7 | ||||||
| Medium | 990 | 15.3 | 1570 | 29.3 | 1252 | 22.4 | 1985 | 20.3 | 1275 | 16.5 | ||||||
| Medium high | 185 | 2.9 | 373 | 7.0 | 1043 | 18.6 | 2718 | 27.7 | 2650 | 34.3 | ||||||
| High | 57 | 0.9 | 257 | 4.8 | 961 | 17.2 | 2869 | 29.3 | 2817 | 36.5 | ||||||
| Job control 2005 | <0.0001 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 115 | 1.8 | 313 | 5.8 | 967 | 17.3 | 2518 | 25.7 | 3050 | 39.5 | ||||||
| Medium low | 831 | 12.8 | 1137 | 21.2 | 1034 | 18.5 | 2161 | 22.1 | 1844 | 23.9 | ||||||
| Medium | 938 | 14.5 | 591 | 11.0 | 1155 | 20.6 | 2560 | 26.1 | 1538 | 19.9 | ||||||
| Medium high | 1287 | 19.9 | 1816 | 33.9 | 1434 | 25.6 | 1747 | 17.8 | 896 | 11.6 | ||||||
| High | 3298 | 51.0 | 1506 | 28.1 | 1007 | 18.0 | 811 | 8.3 | 397 | 5.1 | ||||||
| All-cause mortality | 410 | 6.3 | 424 | 7.9 | 477 | 8.5 | 1068 | 10.9 | 966 | 12.5 | <0.0001 | |||||
| IHD mortality | 77 | 1.2 | 78 | 1.5 | 104 | 1.9 | 243 | 2.5 | 219 | 2.8 | <0.0001 | |||||
a >15 = ≥3 years of university. b 13–14 = <3 years of university. c 12 = 3 years of upper secondary school. d 10–11 = <3 years of upper secondary school. e <9 = compulsory school or less. f P-value corresponds to chi-square test.