Table 1.

Presenting clinical syndromes.

Clinical Syndrome		Features
Optic Neuritis (ON)	Most common presentation in adults (50%)	Often bilateral Long lesions within the anterior optic pathway	Good recovery, but with excessive optic disc edema and RNFL thinning
Transverse Myelitis	Initial presentation in 30% of adults	Motor, sensory, or autonomic symptoms	Significant predictor of disability, but more steroid responsive than NMOSD and MS
ADEM	Initial presentation in 50% of children. Very rare in adults (5%)	Presenting symptom is seizures in 40% of the children with ADEM and MOGAD	Increased risk of post-ADEM epilepsy
FLAMES	Unilateral cortical hyperintensities in the FLAIR sequence with associated seizures	Focal seizures which can progress to generalized, headache, encephalopathy	Meningeal involvement can be present
MOGAD & NMDAR overlapping syndrome	MOG antibodies and NMDAR-antibodies co-existence	Patients present with atypical NMDAR encephalitis or atypical MOGAD	Requires more aggressive treatment than MOGAD alone and cancer screening
Multifocal CNS attack	Can involve the optic nerve, spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum	Vision loss, motor/sensory symptoms, ataxia, diplopia
NMOSD syndrome	ON, LETM	Rarely intractable nausea and vomiting	AQP4 seronegative

ON: optic neuritis; LETM: longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis, ADEM: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; FLAMES: FLAIR-hyperintense Lesions in Anti-MOG-associated Encephalitis with Seizures; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor; NMOSD: neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; CNS: central nervous system.