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. 2024 May 10;3(5):pgae187. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae187

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3. — In vitro therapeutic efficacy of KM-CP^-met. A) In vitro release of KM from KM-CP under pH conditions found in the GI tract (pH = 1.3, SGF; 6.8 SIF, N ≥ 4). B) DLS size measurements of micelles released from SIF at 3 h. C) TER measurements of Caco-2 monolayers incubated with KM-CP^-met, KM^-met, free metformin, CP, or PBS for up to 6 days. D) Caco-2 monolayers stained with ZO-1 and DAPI at 6 h showed a decrease in ZO-1 signal in treatment groups that contained chitosan. E) Phosphorylated AMPK to total AMPK obtained via ELISA on mpkCCD_c14 cells to test the therapeutic efficacy of KM-CP^-met (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001, N ≥ 3).