Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of unmatched and matched cohorts
| Unmatched cohort, n (%) | Matched cohort, n (%) | |||||||
| SU n=10 577 |
DPP-4i n=8125 |
SGLT2i n=2893 |
GLP-1-RA n=1272 |
SU n=1208 |
DPP-4i n=1208 |
SGLT2i n=1208 |
GLP-1-RA n=1208 |
|
| Median follow-up (months) | 67.6 | 67.2 | 64.5 | 66.9 | 74.6 | 72.5 | 66.8 | 65.3 |
| Males | 5769 (54.5) | 4764 (58.6) | 1877 (64.9) | 718 (56.5) | 686 (56.8) | 686 (56.8) | 686 (56.8) | 686 (56.8) |
| Age categories | ||||||||
| <60 | 1783 (16.9) | 1415 (17.4) | 986 (34.1) | 507 (39.9) | 465 (38.5) | 458 (37.9) | 462 (38.3) | 462 (38.3) |
| 60–69 | 2786 (26.3) | 2415 (29.7) | 1237 (42.8) | 520 (40.9) | 504 (41.7) | 516 (42.7) | 509 (42.1) | 508 (42.1) |
| 70–79 | 3742 (35.4) | 2903 (35.7) | 616 (21.3) | 229 (18.0) | 224 (18.5) | 219 (18.1) | 224 (18.5) | 224 (18.5) |
| ≥80 | 2266 (21.4) | 1392 (17.1) | 54 (1.9) | 16 (1.3) | 15 (1.2) | 15 (1.2) | 13 (1.1) | 14 (1.2) |
| Duration of treatment with metformin at index date (years) | ||||||||
| <5 | 3155 (29.8) | 2160 (26.6) | 884 (30.6) | 451 (35.5) | 422 (34.9) | 384 (31.8) | 421 (34.9) | 422 (34.9) |
| 5–9 | 4934 (46.7) | 3953 (48.7) | 1439 (49.7) | 572 (45.0) | 558 (48.2) | 579 (47.9) | 575 (47.6) | 549 (45.5) |
| ≥10 | 2488 (23.5) | 2012 (24.8) | 570 (19.7) | 249 (19.6) | 228 (18.9) | 245 (20.3) | 212 (17.6) | 237 (19.6) |
| Co-treatments | ||||||||
| Antihypertensive | 8799 (83.2) | 6682 (82.2) | 2368 (81.9) | 1055 (82.9) | 944 (78.2) | 950 (78.6) | 979 (81.0) | 999 (82.7) |
| Antiplatelet | 3959 (37.4) | 3064 (37.7) | 947 (32.7) | 374 (29.4) | 363 (30.1) | 375 (31.0) | 345 (28.6) | 359 (29.7) |
| Anticoagulant | 1088 (10.3) | 803 (9.9) | 132 (4.5) | 55 (4.3) | 51 (4.2) | 54 (4.5) | 51 (4.2) | 51 (4.2) |
| Antidepressant | 1808 (17.1) | 1014 (12.5) | 303 (10.5) | 171 (13.4) | 128 (10.6) | 133 (11.0) | 140 (11.6) | 152 (12.6) |
| Respiratory drugs | 2544 (24.1) | 1772 (21.8) | 577 (19.9) | 293 (23.0) | 249 (20.6) | 252 (20.9) | 269 (22.6) | 273 (20.9) |
| NSAIDs | 4005 (37.9) | 2860 (35.2) | 989 (34.2) | 444 (34.9) | 422 (34.9) | 399 (33.0) | 420 (34.8) | 422 (34.9) |
| Comorbidities* | ||||||||
| Stroke | 253 (2.4) | 160 (2.0) | 29 (1.0) | 11 (0.9) | 17 (1.4) | 14 (1.2) | 9 (0.8) | 11 (0.9) |
| Heart failure | 624 (5.9) | 331 (4.1) | 47 (1.6) | 16 (1.3) | 21 (1.7) | 20 (1.7) | 15 (1.2) | 15 (1.2) |
| Myocardial infarction | 308 (2.9) | 274 (3.4) | 94 (3.3) | 21 (1.7) | 24 (2.0) | 32 (2.7) | 14 (1.2) | 19 (1.6) |
| Renal diseases | 289 (2.7) | 157 (1.9) | 4 (0.1) | 7 (0.6) | 5 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) |
| Respiratory diseases | 794 (7.5) | 348 (4.3) | 57 (2.0) | 35 (2.8) | 37 (3.1) | 30 (2.5) | 26 (2.2) | 31 (2.6) |
| Neurological diseases | 44 (0.4) | 38 (0.5) | 10 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 0 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) |
| Retinopathy | 13 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cancer | 684 (6.5) | 330 (4.1) | 68 (2.4) | 38 (3.0) | 34 (2.8) | 33 (2.7) | 34 (2.8) | 36 (3.0) |
| Depression | 37 (0.4) | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Multisource Comorbidity Score | ||||||||
| Low | 5722 (54.1) | 4908 (60.4) | 2108 (72.9) | 887 (69.7) | 892 (73.8) | 889 (73.6) | 879 (72.8) | 844 (69.9) |
| Intermediate | 3914 (37.0) | 2811 (34.6) | 748 (25.9) | 355 (27.9) | 271 (22.7) | 293 (24.3) | 310 (25.7) | 341 (28.2) |
| High | 941 (8.9) | 406 (5.0) | 37 (1.3) | 30 (2.4) | 42 (3.5) | 26 (2.2) | 19 (1.6) | 23 (1.9) |
*Tracked using inpatient diagnosis.
DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1-RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea and glinides.