Figure 1: Stages of AI development and clinical translation: Example of AI in mammography.

We consider the development of AI for breast cancer detection in mammography as a lens to understand the broader landscape of AI in oncology. A) An artificial neural network is trained on thousands of labeled mammography images. The performance of the network in detecting breast cancer is iteratively improved, and then the network can be used to make predictions on previously unseen images. These predictions can then be used to assist radiologists in their workflow. B) AI in mammography has transitioned from research on retrospective samples to regulatory clearance, clinical integration, and real-world clinical evaluation.