Figure 2: Overview of AI in Oncology, with specific examples highlighted.

AI is being applied across the patient care trajectory, where this review groups applications into three main categories across this trajectory. Detection applications tend to currently have the highest level of clinical maturity, where several applications have regulatory clearances and published clinical trials, which we denote as “Scaling”. Diagnosis applications tend to be less mature, but regulatory clearances exist and validation studies are underway (“Piloting”). Prognosis and treatment applications are generally furthest from maturity with much emerging research (“Developing”). The review highlights AI applications in each of the clinical categories, with a specific focus on Breast, Prostate, Lung, and Colorectal cancers.