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. 2024 May 28;23:134. doi: 10.1186/s12904-024-01446-y

Table 4.

Associations between characteristics of HCPs and circumstances of care, and signs of distress during all four time periods (ORs and 95% confidence intervals)*

More stressed than usual Emotionally demanding Physically demanding Regularly exhausted Need more emotional support
Univariate OR (CI) Multivariate OR (CI) Univariate OR (CI) Multivariate OR (CI) Univariate OR (CI) Multivariate OR (CI) Univariate OR (CI) Multivariable OR (CI) Univariate OR (CI) Multivariable OR (CI)
Gender
 Women 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Men 0.87 (0.48 - 1.59) 0.64 (0.33 - 1.25) 1.33 (0.67 - 2.62) 0.69 (0.35 - 1.36) 0.69 (0.34 - 1.38)
Age
 ⩽35 years 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 36-45 years 1.49 (0.86 - 2.59) 1.02 (0.57 - 1.83) 0.70 (0.39 - 1.26) 0.83 (0.45 - 1.52) 1.35 (0.77 - 2.36) 1.32 (0.75 - 2.34) 1.22 (0.69 - 2.18)
 46-60 years 0.99 (0.62 - 1.59) 0.80 (0.50 - 1.30) 0.57 (0.34 - 0.95) 0.81 (0.47 - 1.38) 0.73 (0.45 - 1.17) 0.87 (0.53 - 1.44) 0.82 (0.51 - 1.31)
 >60 years 0.84 (0.46 - 1.55) 1.01 (0.56 - 1.82) 0.56 (0.29 - 1.08) 1.01 (0.50 - 2.03) 0.39 (0.20 - 0.77) 0.50 (0.24 - 1.04) 0.75 (0.39 - 1.45)
Profession
 Nurse 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Physician 1.35 (0.85 - 2.13) 0.62 (0.35 - 1.10) 0.25 (0.13 - 0.50) 0.22 (0.11 - 0.46) 0.71 (0.41 - 1.22) 0.61 (0.34 - 1.10) 0.57 (0.31 - 1.05)
 Other 0.94 (0.65 - 1.36) 1.08 (0.74 - 1.59) 0.40 (0.25 - 0.62) 0.42 (0.27 - 0.68) 1.22 (0.82 - 1.80) 1.12 (0.73 - 1.72) 1.13 (0.74 - 1.74)
Setting
 Hospice 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Home 1.99 (1.05 - 3.79) 2.14 (1.13 - 4.05) 1.16 (0.58 - 2.33) 1.22 (0.61 - 2.40) 1.13 (0.54 - 2.37) 1.04 (0.49 - 2.20) 2.40 (1.07 - 5.34) 2.25 (0.99 - 5.10) 1.50 (0.78 - 2.87) 1.51 (0.79 - 2.88)
 Nursing home 2.56 (1.44 - 4.54) 2.38 (1.32 - 4.30) 1.88 (1.10 - 3.22) 1.79 (1.05 - 3.05) 2.13 (1.15 - 3.94) 2.39 (1.24 - 4.60) 4.57 (2.39 - 8.71) 3.92 (2.05 - 7.50) 2.43 (1.39 - 4.25) 2.53 (1.43 - 4.50)
 Hospital 2.59 (1.50 - 4.48) 2.44 (1.40 - 4.26) 1.83 (1.06 - 3.15) 1.77 (1.03 - 3.05) 2.26 (1.26 - 4.05) 2.25 (1.19 - 4.25) 4.77 (2.59 - 8.80) 3.90 (2.11 - 7.22) 2.10 (1.22 - 3.61) 2.18 (1.27 - 3.76)
 Other 1.23 (0.63 - 2.41) 1.25 (0.63 - 2.49) 1.19 (0.61 - 2.32) 1.17 (0.59 - 2.30) 0.95 (0.44 - 2.06) 1.29 (0.58 - 2.87) 3.04 (1.35 - 6.88) 2.88 (1.26 - 6.61) 1.33 (0.66 - 2.69) 1.47 (0.71 - 3.04)
 More than 1 2.09 (1.06 - 4.12) 2.03 (1.01 - 4.06) 1.15 (0.52 - 2.54) 1.12 (0.51 - 2.45) 0.82 (0.38 - 1.75) 0.91 (0.41 - 2.04) 2.85 (1.32 - 6.13) 2.66 (1.21 - 5.84) 1.92 (0.95 - 3.87) 2.01 (0.99 - 4.06)
Visit restrictions
 Visit restrictions in place 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 No visit restriction in place 1.43 (0.99 - 2.09) 1.39 (0.93 - 2.06) 1.48 (1.00 - 2.17) 1.38 (0.92 - 2.05) 1.21 (0.81 - 1.81) 1.28 (0.89 - 1.85) 1.37 (0.92 - 2.05)
PPE
 Enough PPE available 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Not enough PPE available 1.19 (0.80 - 1.77) 1.13 (0.78 - 1.64) 1.06 (0.73 - 1.53) 1.41 (0.99 - 2.00) 1.45 (0.98 - 2.13) 1.08 (0.74 - 1.58)
Post-death care
 Allowed to provide post-death care 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Not allowed to provide post-death care 1.76 (1.15 - 2.68) 1.61 (1.04 - 2.51) 1.59 (1.07 - 2.34) 1.52 (1.01 - 2.28) 1.16 (0.78 - 1.74) 1.01 (0.71 - 1.46) 1.43 (0.96 - 2.14) 1.32 (0.87 - 2.00)
Time
 T1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 T2 0.38 (0.29 - 0.51) 0.57 (0.36 - 0.91) 0.43 (0.33 - 0.56) 0.61 (0.40 - 0.93) 0.61 (0.48 - 0.77) 0.62 (0.47 - 0.81) 0.83 (0.67 - 1.03) 0.98 (0.71 – 1.35) 0.43 (0.33 - 0.57) 0.54 (0.34 - 0.84)
 T3 0.35 (0.25 - 0.49) 0.39 (0.27 - 0.55) 0.50 (0.37 - 0.67) 0.55 (0.40 - 0.75) 0.75 (0.55 - 1.02) 0.74 (0.52 - 1.06) 0.95 (0.71 - 1.29) 1.19 (0.81 – 1.75) 0.51 (0.38 - 0.69) 0.51 (0.37 - 0.71)
 T4 0.31 (0.20 - 0.47) 0.48 (0.26 - 0.88) 0.33 (0.23 - 0.50) 0.50 (0.30 - 0.85) 0.60 (0.40 - 0.88) 0.62 (0.40 - 0.96) 0.81 (0.57 - 1.15) 1.05 (0.67 – 1.63) 0.31 (0.20 - 0.46) 0.37 (0.21 - 0.65)

*N= up to four observations from 276 respondents; based on Generalized Estimated Equation

Bold values in the univariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.10)

Bold values in the multivariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.05)