Table 4.
Associations between characteristics of HCPs and circumstances of care, and signs of distress during all four time periods (ORs and 95% confidence intervals)*
| More stressed than usual | Emotionally demanding | Physically demanding | Regularly exhausted | Need more emotional support | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariate OR (CI) | Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariate OR (CI) | Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariate OR (CI) | Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariable OR (CI) | Univariate OR (CI) | Multivariable OR (CI) | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Men | 0.87 (0.48 - 1.59) | 0.64 (0.33 - 1.25) | 1.33 (0.67 - 2.62) | 0.69 (0.35 - 1.36) | 0.69 (0.34 - 1.38) | |||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| ⩽35 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 36-45 years | 1.49 (0.86 - 2.59) | 1.02 (0.57 - 1.83) | 0.70 (0.39 - 1.26) | 0.83 (0.45 - 1.52) | 1.35 (0.77 - 2.36) | 1.32 (0.75 - 2.34) | 1.22 (0.69 - 2.18) | |||
| 46-60 years | 0.99 (0.62 - 1.59) | 0.80 (0.50 - 1.30) | 0.57 (0.34 - 0.95) | 0.81 (0.47 - 1.38) | 0.73 (0.45 - 1.17) | 0.87 (0.53 - 1.44) | 0.82 (0.51 - 1.31) | |||
| >60 years | 0.84 (0.46 - 1.55) | 1.01 (0.56 - 1.82) | 0.56 (0.29 - 1.08) | 1.01 (0.50 - 2.03) | 0.39 (0.20 - 0.77) | 0.50 (0.24 - 1.04) | 0.75 (0.39 - 1.45) | |||
| Profession | ||||||||||
| Nurse | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Physician | 1.35 (0.85 - 2.13) | 0.62 (0.35 - 1.10) | 0.25 (0.13 - 0.50) | 0.22 (0.11 - 0.46) | 0.71 (0.41 - 1.22) | 0.61 (0.34 - 1.10) | 0.57 (0.31 - 1.05) | |||
| Other | 0.94 (0.65 - 1.36) | 1.08 (0.74 - 1.59) | 0.40 (0.25 - 0.62) | 0.42 (0.27 - 0.68) | 1.22 (0.82 - 1.80) | 1.12 (0.73 - 1.72) | 1.13 (0.74 - 1.74) | |||
| Setting | ||||||||||
| Hospice | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Home | 1.99 (1.05 - 3.79) | 2.14 (1.13 - 4.05) | 1.16 (0.58 - 2.33) | 1.22 (0.61 - 2.40) | 1.13 (0.54 - 2.37) | 1.04 (0.49 - 2.20) | 2.40 (1.07 - 5.34) | 2.25 (0.99 - 5.10) | 1.50 (0.78 - 2.87) | 1.51 (0.79 - 2.88) |
| Nursing home | 2.56 (1.44 - 4.54) | 2.38 (1.32 - 4.30) | 1.88 (1.10 - 3.22) | 1.79 (1.05 - 3.05) | 2.13 (1.15 - 3.94) | 2.39 (1.24 - 4.60) | 4.57 (2.39 - 8.71) | 3.92 (2.05 - 7.50) | 2.43 (1.39 - 4.25) | 2.53 (1.43 - 4.50) |
| Hospital | 2.59 (1.50 - 4.48) | 2.44 (1.40 - 4.26) | 1.83 (1.06 - 3.15) | 1.77 (1.03 - 3.05) | 2.26 (1.26 - 4.05) | 2.25 (1.19 - 4.25) | 4.77 (2.59 - 8.80) | 3.90 (2.11 - 7.22) | 2.10 (1.22 - 3.61) | 2.18 (1.27 - 3.76) |
| Other | 1.23 (0.63 - 2.41) | 1.25 (0.63 - 2.49) | 1.19 (0.61 - 2.32) | 1.17 (0.59 - 2.30) | 0.95 (0.44 - 2.06) | 1.29 (0.58 - 2.87) | 3.04 (1.35 - 6.88) | 2.88 (1.26 - 6.61) | 1.33 (0.66 - 2.69) | 1.47 (0.71 - 3.04) |
| More than 1 | 2.09 (1.06 - 4.12) | 2.03 (1.01 - 4.06) | 1.15 (0.52 - 2.54) | 1.12 (0.51 - 2.45) | 0.82 (0.38 - 1.75) | 0.91 (0.41 - 2.04) | 2.85 (1.32 - 6.13) | 2.66 (1.21 - 5.84) | 1.92 (0.95 - 3.87) | 2.01 (0.99 - 4.06) |
| Visit restrictions | ||||||||||
| Visit restrictions in place | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| No visit restriction in place | 1.43 (0.99 - 2.09) | 1.39 (0.93 - 2.06) | 1.48 (1.00 - 2.17) | 1.38 (0.92 - 2.05) | 1.21 (0.81 - 1.81) | 1.28 (0.89 - 1.85) | 1.37 (0.92 - 2.05) | |||
| PPE | ||||||||||
| Enough PPE available | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Not enough PPE available | 1.19 (0.80 - 1.77) | 1.13 (0.78 - 1.64) | 1.06 (0.73 - 1.53) | 1.41 (0.99 - 2.00) | 1.45 (0.98 - 2.13) | 1.08 (0.74 - 1.58) | ||||
| Post-death care | ||||||||||
| Allowed to provide post-death care | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not allowed to provide post-death care | 1.76 (1.15 - 2.68) | 1.61 (1.04 - 2.51) | 1.59 (1.07 - 2.34) | 1.52 (1.01 - 2.28) | 1.16 (0.78 - 1.74) | 1.01 (0.71 - 1.46) | 1.43 (0.96 - 2.14) | 1.32 (0.87 - 2.00) | ||
| Time | ||||||||||
| T1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| T2 | 0.38 (0.29 - 0.51) | 0.57 (0.36 - 0.91) | 0.43 (0.33 - 0.56) | 0.61 (0.40 - 0.93) | 0.61 (0.48 - 0.77) | 0.62 (0.47 - 0.81) | 0.83 (0.67 - 1.03) | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.35) | 0.43 (0.33 - 0.57) | 0.54 (0.34 - 0.84) |
| T3 | 0.35 (0.25 - 0.49) | 0.39 (0.27 - 0.55) | 0.50 (0.37 - 0.67) | 0.55 (0.40 - 0.75) | 0.75 (0.55 - 1.02) | 0.74 (0.52 - 1.06) | 0.95 (0.71 - 1.29) | 1.19 (0.81 – 1.75) | 0.51 (0.38 - 0.69) | 0.51 (0.37 - 0.71) |
| T4 | 0.31 (0.20 - 0.47) | 0.48 (0.26 - 0.88) | 0.33 (0.23 - 0.50) | 0.50 (0.30 - 0.85) | 0.60 (0.40 - 0.88) | 0.62 (0.40 - 0.96) | 0.81 (0.57 - 1.15) | 1.05 (0.67 – 1.63) | 0.31 (0.20 - 0.46) | 0.37 (0.21 - 0.65) |
*N= up to four observations from 276 respondents; based on Generalized Estimated Equation
Bold values in the univariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.10)
Bold values in the multivariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.05)