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. 2024 May 28;23:134. doi: 10.1186/s12904-024-01446-y

Table 5.

Associations between characteristics of HCPs and care and signs of distress (ORs and 95% confidence intervals) per time period

More stressed than usual
T1 T2 T3 T4
Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariable Univariate Multivariate
Gender
 Women 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Men 0.60 (0.28 – 1.25) 0.89 (0.42 - 1.89) 0.97 (0.36 - 2.59) 2.02 (0.75 - 5.49)
Age
 ⩽35 years 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 36-45 years 0.85 (0.39 – 1.84) 2.28 (1.06 - 4.92) 2.30 (1.05 - 5.03) 2.45 (0.86 - 6.98) 2.19 (0.74 - 6.54) 1.56 (0.37 - 6.62)
 46-60 years 0.77 (0.40 -1.47) 1.53 (0.79 - 2.95) 1.72 (0.85 - 3.49) 0.95 (0.40 - 2.22) 1.08 (0.43 - 2.68) 0.54 (0.15 - 1.92)
 >60 years 0.83 (0.36 - 1.92) 0.86 (0.36 - 2.10) 1.10 (0.42 - 2.86) 0.53 (0.18 - 1.57) 0.65 (0.19 - 2.21) 0.44 (0.10 - 1.92)
Profession
 Nurse 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Physician 1.11 (0.54 – 2.82) 1.46 (0.74 - 2.87) 2.60 (1.04 - 6.49) 0.89 (0.33 - 2.41)
 Other 0.61 (0.32 – 1.17) 0.86 (0.48 - 1.54) 1.18 (0.60 - 2.32) 1.14 (0.49 - 2.64)
Setting
 Hospice 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Home 2.84 (1.24 – 6.51) 3.56 (1.46 - 8.69) 1.68 (0.73 - 3.86) 1.93 (0.80 - 4.67) 1.93 (0.64 - 5.82) 1.72 (0.55 - 5.36) 1.97 (0.54 - 7.16)
 Nursing home 2.31 (2.09 – 4.87) 1.98 (0.92 - 4.25) 2.28 (1.01 - 5.15) 2.25 (0.93 - 5.43) 3.50 (1.21 - 10.13) 3.05 (1.02 - 9.07) 2.37 (0.73 - 7.71)
 Hospital 2.54 (1.26 – 5.11) 2.36 (1.16 - 4.80) 1.66 (0.80 - 3.44) 1.85 (0.82 - 4.17) 5.35 (2.00 - 14.29) 4.37 (1.57 - 12.20) 2.71 (0.90 - 8.13)
 Other 2.22 (0.71 – 6.87) 2.09 (0.66 - 6.62) 0.60 (0.23 - 1.61) 0.52 (0.18 - 1.55) 1.97 (0.47 - 8.27) 2.00 (0.46 - 8.75) 1.33 (0.31 - 5.73)
 More than 1 2.56 (0.95 – 6.98) 2.29 (0.83 - 6.32) 1.88 (0.71 - 4.95) 2.06 (0.76 - 5.60) 1.85 (0.49 - 6.96) 1.59 (0.41 - 6.14) 2.29 (0.54 - 9.64)
Visit restrictions
 No visit restrictions in place 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Visit restrictions in place 2.00 (0.90 – 4.42) 1.97 (0.76 - 5.12) 1.50 (0.80 - 2.81) 1.70 (0.76 - 3.77) 0.93 (0.46 - 1.89)
PPE
 Enough PPE available 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
 Not enough PPE available 1.21 (0.66 – 1.94) 1.56 (0.60 - 4.05) 1.44 (0.42 - 4.89)
Post-death care
 Allowed to provide post-death care 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Not allowed to provide post-death care 2.28 (1.27 – 4.09) 2.00 (1.06 - 3.76) 1.56 (0.60 - 4.05) 1.51 (0.82 - 2.79) 1.37 (0.65 - 2.92)
Regularly exhausted
T1 T2 T3 T4
Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariate Univariate Multivariable Univariate Multivariate
Gender
 Women 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Men 0.78 (0.36 - 1.67) 0.92 (0.43 - 1.96) 0.63 (0.23 - 1.74) 0.74 (0.26 - 2.09)
Age
 ⩽35 years 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 36-45 years 0.98 (0.47 - 2.07) 1.03 (0.47 - 2.29) 1.95 (0.92 - 4.14) 2.11 (0.97 - 4.59) 1.22 (0.44 - 3.40) 0.97 (0.29 - 3.17) 2.25 (0.52 - 9.73)
 46-60 years 0.46 (0.25 - 0.87) 0.51 (0.26 - 1.04) 1.13 (0.60 - 2.13) 1.41 (0.70 - 2.83) 0.85 (0.37 - 1.94) 1.02 (0.39 - 2.62) 0.69 (0.19 - 2.46)
 >60 years 0.26 (0.11 - 0.63) 0.35 (0.13 - 0.94) 0.42 (0.16 - 1.07) 0.65 (0.24 - 1.76) 0.35 (0.12 - 1.02) 0.38 (0.10 - 1.36) 0.34 (0.08 - 1.53)
Profession
 Nurse 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Physician 0.72 (0.36 - 1.43) 0.65 (0.31 - 1.35) 1.14 (0.45 - 2.87) 1.18 (0.38 - 3.65) 0.86 (0.33 - 2.25)
 Other 0.83 (0.43 - 1.60) 1.38 (0.78 - 2.44) 1.91 (0.99 - 3.70) 2.20 (1.03 - 4.73) 0.93 (0.41 - 2.09)
Setting
 Hospice 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Home 4.56 (1.70 – 2.07) 3.62 (1.27 - 10.28) 2.19 (0.87 - 5.49) 1.71 (0.64 - 4.54) 4.29 (1.33 - 13.84) 4.76 (1.41 - 16.08) 2.10 (0.61 - 7.20) 2.10 (0.61 - 7.20)
 Nursing home 9.55 (3.74 - 24.44) 5.86 (2.19 - 15.68) 3.63 (1.49 - 8.83) 3.66 (1.41 - 9.48) 7.43 (2.34 - 23.61) 7.20 (2.16 - 24.04) 2.55 (0.83 - 7.84) 2.55 (0.83 - 7.84)
 Hospital 8.02 (3.28 - 19.66) 6.15 (2.39 - 15.84) 3.92 (1.75 - 8.79) 3.31 (1.38 - 7.93) 9.30 (3.13 - 27.60) 8.44 (2.67 - 26.67) 3.14 (1.10 - 9.00) 3.14 (1.10 - 9.00)
 Other 4.70 (1.35 - 16.41) 4.46 (1.17 - 17.05) 1.97 (0.74 - 5.22) 1.68 (0.60 - 4.67) 5.66 (1.34 - 23.88) 5.83 (1.18 - 28.91) 1.57 (0.40 - 6.18) 1.57 (0.40 - 6.18)
 More than 1 4.03 (1.28 - 12.67) 3.14 (0.97 - 10.23) 3.01 (1.06 - 8.51) 2.67 (0.92 - 7.77) 2.03 (0.47 - 8.77)  1.93 (0.43 - 8.67) 1.40 (0.33 - 5.97) 1.40 (0.33 - 5.97)
Visit restrictions
 No visit restrictions in place 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Visit restrictions in place 0.71 (0.32 - 1.56) 1.33 (0.71 - 2.48) 1.49 (0.70 - 3.21) 1.21 (0.61 - 2.41)
PPE
 Enough PPE available 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
 Not enough PPE available 1.68 (1.06 - 2.66) 1.95 (1.12 - 3.38) 1.58 (0.61 - 4.11) 4.17 (1.07 - 16.28) 3.43 (0.78 - 15.17)
Post-death care
 Allowed to provide post-death care 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Not allowed to provide post-death care 1.91 (1.04 - 3.53) 1.78 (0.87 - 3.64)  1.78 (1.09 - 2.93) 1.89 (1.09 - 3.27) 0.92 (0.51 - 1.67) 1.40 (0.67 – 2.93)

*N= up to four observations from 276 respondents; based on Generalized Estimated Equation

Bold values in the univariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.10)

Bold values in the multivariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.05)