Table 5.
Associations between characteristics of HCPs and care and signs of distress (ORs and 95% confidence intervals) per time period
| More stressed than usual | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | |||||
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariable | Univariate | Multivariate | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Men | 0.60 (0.28 – 1.25) | 0.89 (0.42 - 1.89) | 0.97 (0.36 - 2.59) | 2.02 (0.75 - 5.49) | ||||
| Age | ||||||||
| ⩽35 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 36-45 years | 0.85 (0.39 – 1.84) | 2.28 (1.06 - 4.92) | 2.30 (1.05 - 5.03) | 2.45 (0.86 - 6.98) | 2.19 (0.74 - 6.54) | 1.56 (0.37 - 6.62) | ||
| 46-60 years | 0.77 (0.40 -1.47) | 1.53 (0.79 - 2.95) | 1.72 (0.85 - 3.49) | 0.95 (0.40 - 2.22) | 1.08 (0.43 - 2.68) | 0.54 (0.15 - 1.92) | ||
| >60 years | 0.83 (0.36 - 1.92) | 0.86 (0.36 - 2.10) | 1.10 (0.42 - 2.86) | 0.53 (0.18 - 1.57) | 0.65 (0.19 - 2.21) | 0.44 (0.10 - 1.92) | ||
| Profession | ||||||||
| Nurse | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Physician | 1.11 (0.54 – 2.82) | 1.46 (0.74 - 2.87) | 2.60 (1.04 - 6.49) | 0.89 (0.33 - 2.41) | ||||
| Other | 0.61 (0.32 – 1.17) | 0.86 (0.48 - 1.54) | 1.18 (0.60 - 2.32) | 1.14 (0.49 - 2.64) | ||||
| Setting | ||||||||
| Hospice | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Home | 2.84 (1.24 – 6.51) | 3.56 (1.46 - 8.69) | 1.68 (0.73 - 3.86) | 1.93 (0.80 - 4.67) | 1.93 (0.64 - 5.82) | 1.72 (0.55 - 5.36) | 1.97 (0.54 - 7.16) | |
| Nursing home | 2.31 (2.09 – 4.87) | 1.98 (0.92 - 4.25) | 2.28 (1.01 - 5.15) | 2.25 (0.93 - 5.43) | 3.50 (1.21 - 10.13) | 3.05 (1.02 - 9.07) | 2.37 (0.73 - 7.71) | |
| Hospital | 2.54 (1.26 – 5.11) | 2.36 (1.16 - 4.80) | 1.66 (0.80 - 3.44) | 1.85 (0.82 - 4.17) | 5.35 (2.00 - 14.29) | 4.37 (1.57 - 12.20) | 2.71 (0.90 - 8.13) | |
| Other | 2.22 (0.71 – 6.87) | 2.09 (0.66 - 6.62) | 0.60 (0.23 - 1.61) | 0.52 (0.18 - 1.55) | 1.97 (0.47 - 8.27) | 2.00 (0.46 - 8.75) | 1.33 (0.31 - 5.73) | |
| More than 1 | 2.56 (0.95 – 6.98) | 2.29 (0.83 - 6.32) | 1.88 (0.71 - 4.95) | 2.06 (0.76 - 5.60) | 1.85 (0.49 - 6.96) | 1.59 (0.41 - 6.14) | 2.29 (0.54 - 9.64) | |
| Visit restrictions | ||||||||
| No visit restrictions in place | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Visit restrictions in place | 2.00 (0.90 – 4.42) | 1.97 (0.76 - 5.12) | 1.50 (0.80 - 2.81) | 1.70 (0.76 - 3.77) | 0.93 (0.46 - 1.89) | |||
| PPE | ||||||||
| Enough PPE available | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | ||||
| Not enough PPE available | 1.21 (0.66 – 1.94) | 1.56 (0.60 - 4.05) | 1.44 (0.42 - 4.89) | |||||
| Post-death care | ||||||||
| Allowed to provide post-death care | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Not allowed to provide post-death care | 2.28 (1.27 – 4.09) | 2.00 (1.06 - 3.76) | 1.56 (0.60 - 4.05) | 1.51 (0.82 - 2.79) | 1.37 (0.65 - 2.92) | |||
| Regularly exhausted | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | |||||
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariable | Univariate | Multivariate | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Men | 0.78 (0.36 - 1.67) | 0.92 (0.43 - 1.96) | 0.63 (0.23 - 1.74) | 0.74 (0.26 - 2.09) | ||||
| Age | ||||||||
| ⩽35 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 36-45 years | 0.98 (0.47 - 2.07) | 1.03 (0.47 - 2.29) | 1.95 (0.92 - 4.14) | 2.11 (0.97 - 4.59) | 1.22 (0.44 - 3.40) | 0.97 (0.29 - 3.17) | 2.25 (0.52 - 9.73) | |
| 46-60 years | 0.46 (0.25 - 0.87) | 0.51 (0.26 - 1.04) | 1.13 (0.60 - 2.13) | 1.41 (0.70 - 2.83) | 0.85 (0.37 - 1.94) | 1.02 (0.39 - 2.62) | 0.69 (0.19 - 2.46) | |
| >60 years | 0.26 (0.11 - 0.63) | 0.35 (0.13 - 0.94) | 0.42 (0.16 - 1.07) | 0.65 (0.24 - 1.76) | 0.35 (0.12 - 1.02) | 0.38 (0.10 - 1.36) | 0.34 (0.08 - 1.53) | |
| Profession | ||||||||
| Nurse | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Physician | 0.72 (0.36 - 1.43) | 0.65 (0.31 - 1.35) | 1.14 (0.45 - 2.87) | 1.18 (0.38 - 3.65) | 0.86 (0.33 - 2.25) | |||
| Other | 0.83 (0.43 - 1.60) | 1.38 (0.78 - 2.44) | 1.91 (0.99 - 3.70) | 2.20 (1.03 - 4.73) | 0.93 (0.41 - 2.09) | |||
| Setting | ||||||||
| Hospice | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Home | 4.56 (1.70 – 2.07) | 3.62 (1.27 - 10.28) | 2.19 (0.87 - 5.49) | 1.71 (0.64 - 4.54) | 4.29 (1.33 - 13.84) | 4.76 (1.41 - 16.08) | 2.10 (0.61 - 7.20) | 2.10 (0.61 - 7.20) |
| Nursing home | 9.55 (3.74 - 24.44) | 5.86 (2.19 - 15.68) | 3.63 (1.49 - 8.83) | 3.66 (1.41 - 9.48) | 7.43 (2.34 - 23.61) | 7.20 (2.16 - 24.04) | 2.55 (0.83 - 7.84) | 2.55 (0.83 - 7.84) |
| Hospital | 8.02 (3.28 - 19.66) | 6.15 (2.39 - 15.84) | 3.92 (1.75 - 8.79) | 3.31 (1.38 - 7.93) | 9.30 (3.13 - 27.60) | 8.44 (2.67 - 26.67) | 3.14 (1.10 - 9.00) | 3.14 (1.10 - 9.00) |
| Other | 4.70 (1.35 - 16.41) | 4.46 (1.17 - 17.05) | 1.97 (0.74 - 5.22) | 1.68 (0.60 - 4.67) | 5.66 (1.34 - 23.88) | 5.83 (1.18 - 28.91) | 1.57 (0.40 - 6.18) | 1.57 (0.40 - 6.18) |
| More than 1 | 4.03 (1.28 - 12.67) | 3.14 (0.97 - 10.23) | 3.01 (1.06 - 8.51) | 2.67 (0.92 - 7.77) | 2.03 (0.47 - 8.77) | 1.93 (0.43 - 8.67) | 1.40 (0.33 - 5.97) | 1.40 (0.33 - 5.97) |
| Visit restrictions | ||||||||
| No visit restrictions in place | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Visit restrictions in place | 0.71 (0.32 - 1.56) | 1.33 (0.71 - 2.48) | 1.49 (0.70 - 3.21) | 1.21 (0.61 - 2.41) | ||||
| PPE | ||||||||
| Enough PPE available | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | ||
| Not enough PPE available | 1.68 (1.06 - 2.66) | 1.95 (1.12 - 3.38) | 1.58 (0.61 - 4.11) | 4.17 (1.07 - 16.28) | 3.43 (0.78 - 15.17) | |||
| Post-death care | ||||||||
| Allowed to provide post-death care | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not allowed to provide post-death care | 1.91 (1.04 - 3.53) | 1.78 (0.87 - 3.64) | 1.78 (1.09 - 2.93) | 1.89 (1.09 - 3.27) | 0.92 (0.51 - 1.67) | 1.40 (0.67 – 2.93) | ||
*N= up to four observations from 276 respondents; based on Generalized Estimated Equation
Bold values in the univariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.10)
Bold values in the multivariate analysis indicated OR’s that significantly differ from 1.00 (p<0.05)