Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with natural flood-related deaths, 1990–2022.
| Characteristic | aOR (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1–9 deaths | 10–49 deaths | > 50 deaths | |
| Time period | |||
| 1990–1999 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2000–2009 | 1.13 (0.89 to 1.43) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) | 0.41 (0.30 to 0.57) |
| 2010–2019 | 1.39 (1.09 to 1.78) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.43) | 0.65 (0.47 to 0.91) |
| WHO region | |||
| Africa | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Americas | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.35) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.42) | 1.25 (0.79 to 1.98) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 1.32 (0.93 to 1.89) | 2.83 (2.04 to 3.94) | 3.85 (2.55 to 5.83) |
| Europe | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.04) | 0.36 (0.25 to 0.50) | 0.34 (0.18 to 0.61) |
| South-East Asia | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.41) | 1.87 (1.40 to 2.49) | 6.72 (4.74 to 9.62) |
| Western Pacific | 0.86 (0.63 to 1.18) | 1.79 (1.33 to 2.41) | 4.33 (2.94 to 6.44) |
| Income level | |||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Upper middle | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.07) | 2.05 (1.53 to 2.76) | 7.05 (3.74 to 14.54) |
| Lower middle | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.41) | 2.89 (2.15 to 3.90) | 8.96 (4.81 to 18.32) |
| Low | 0.74 (0.54 to 1.00) | 2.31 (1.65 to 3.25) | 14.34 (7.46 to 30.04) |
| Flood type | |||
| Coastal | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Flash | 2.02 (1.04 to 4.01) | 3.16 (1.59 to 6.41) | 2.02 (0.94 to 4.41) |
| Riverine | 1.45 (0.77 to 2.80) | 2.16 (1.12 to 4.26) | 1.50 (0.73 to 3.14) |
| Unknown | 1.18 (0.62 to 2.31) | 1.39 (0.71 to 2.78) | 0.87 (0.41 to 1.87) |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; WHO: World Health Organization.
Note: The comparison is 0 deaths or no data during a flooding event for all the three death groups. For example, low-income countries have a higher likelihood of experiencing more than 50 deaths instead of 0 deaths than high-income countries.