Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of indirect measurement methods

Measurement	Ref	Detection limit	Advantages	Disadvantages
α spectrometry	(Kristensen and Hou 2023)	0.1 mBq/g	Low background count	1. The ingrowth of 210Po takes a long time 2. Not suitable for large samples 3. Poor data parallelism 4. Pb recovery could not be determined
	(Fernández et al. 2012)	0.7–16 mBq/L
β counting	(Jia 2018)	0.92 Bq/kg	The ingrowth time of 210Bi and higher detection limit than α spectrometry method	Requires chemical treatment
	(Peck and Smith 2000)	4.3 mBq/L