Table 1.
Baseline patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatments, and healthcare resource utilization in the total study cohort and selected subgroups
| Total (N = 2048) | CKD stage 3b (n = 657) | CKD stage 4 (n = 859) | HF (n = 1179) | RAASi prescription (n = 892) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index, years | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 66.0 ± 14.1 | 66.3 ± 14.0 | 65.4 ± 14.4 | 67.3 ± 13.3 | 66.9 ± 13.6 |
| Median (IQR) | 68 (59, 76) | 67 (59, 76) | 68 (58, 76) | 69 (59, 77) | 69 (60, 77) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 822 (40.1) | 267 (40.6) | 366 (42.6) | 462 (39.2) | 362 (40.6) |
| Male | 1226 (59.9) | 390 (59.4) | 493 (57.4) | 717 (60.8) | 530 (59.4) |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| Asian | 66 (3.2) | 17 (2.6) | 33 (3.8) | 28 (2.4) | 27 (3.0) |
| Black or African American | 591 (28.9) | 184 (28.0) | 251 (29.2) | 353 (29.9) | 266 (29.8) |
| Other | 11 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | 6 (0.7) | 7 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) |
| Unknown | 124 (6.1) | 33 (5.0) | 63 (7.3) | 71 (6.0) | 49 (5.5) |
| White | 1256 (61.3) | 420 (63.9) | 506 (58.9) | 720 (61.1) | 543 (60.9) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 82 (4.0) | 29 (4.4) | 31 (3.6) | 42 (3.6) | 40 (4.5) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 1856 (90.6) | 586 (89.2) | 788 (91.7) | 1091 (92.5) | 805 (90.2) |
| Unknown | 110 (5.4) | 42 (6.4) | 40 (4.7) | 46 (3.9) | 47 (5.3) |
| US Census geographic region, n (%)a | |||||
| Midwest | 70 (3.4) | 14 (2.1) | 35 (4.1) | 30 (2.5) | 42 (4.7) |
| Northeast | 1821 (88.9) | 583 (88.7) | 761 (88.6) | 1069 (90.7) | 788 (88.3) |
| South | 131 (6.4) | 52 (7.9) | 52 (6.1) | 62 (5.3) | 42 (4.7) |
| West | 26 (1.3) | 8 (1.2) | 11 (1.3) | 18 (1.5) | 20 (2.2) |
| Index serum K+ (mmol/L), n (%) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.5 |
| Median (IQR) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6) |
| > 5.0 to < 5.5 (mild HK) | 1209 (59.0) | 393 (59.8) | 502 (58.4) | 710 (60.2) | 541 (60.7) |
| ≥ 5.5 to < 6.0 (moderate HK) | 580 (28.3) | 177 (26.9) | 246 (28.6) | 321 (27.2) | 246 (27.6) |
| ≥ 6.0 to < 6.5 (severe HK) | 170 (8.3) | 58 (8.8) | 75 (8.7) | 92 (7.8) | 72 (8.1) |
| ≥ 6.5 (very severe HK) | 89 (4.3) | 29 (4.4) | 36 (4.2) | 56 (4.7) | 33 (3.7) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), n (%)b | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 34.6 ± 12.8 | 37.0 ± 4.2 | 22.2 ± 4.4 | 34.3 ± 12.6 | 35.5 ± 12.8 |
| Median (IQR) | 33.4 (23.5, 45.3) | 36.9 (33.4, 40.6) | 21.9 (18.2, 26.0) | 32.8 (23.4, 45.0) | 34.7 (24.5, 46.8) |
| 15–29 (stage 4 CKD) | 859 (41.9) | 0 (0.0) | 859 (100.0) | 514 (43.6) | 347 (38.9) |
| 30–44 (stage 3b CKD) | 657 (32.1) | 657 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 371 (31.5) | 287 (32.2) |
| 45–59 (stage 3a CKD) | 532 (26.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 294 (24.9) | 258 (28.9) |
| Comorbidities within 24 months pre-index, n (%) | |||||
| CCI, mean ± SD | 9.37 ± 3.86 | 9.53 ± 4.02 | 9.15 ± 3.75 | 10.19 ± 3.69 | 9.55 ± 3.72 |
| Hypertension | 1968 (96.1) | 628 (95.6) | 826 (96.2) | 1151 (97.6) | 881 (98.8) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1334 (65.1) | 430 (65.4) | 557 (64.8) | 815 (69.1) | 642 (72.0) |
| Heart failure | 1179 (57.6) | 371 (56.5) | 514 (59.8) | 1179 (100.0) | 549 (61.5) |
| Pharmacotherapy within 6 months pre-index, n (%) | |||||
| RAASi | 892 (43.6) | 287 (43.7) | 347 (40.4) | 549 (46.6) | 892 (100.0) |
| MRA | 271 (13.2) | 99 (15.1) | 92 (10.7) | 205 (17.4) | 137 (15.4) |
| ACEI | 479 (23.4) | 160 (24.4) | 185 (21.5) | 275 (23.3) | 479 (53.7) |
| ARB | 467 (22.8) | 150 (22.8) | 179 (20.8) | 315 (26.7) | 467 (52.4) |
| ARNI | 147 (7.2) | 46 (7.0) | 51 (5.9) | 130 (11.0) | 147 (16.5) |
| Loop diuretic | 1456 (71.1) | 458 (69.7) | 634 (73.8) | 997 (84.6) | 644 (72.2) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 514 (25.1) | 168 (25.6) | 227 (26.4) | 350 (29.7) | 274 (30.7) |
| HRU within 12 months pre-index, n (%) | |||||
| Outpatient visit | 1996 (97.5) | 641 (97.6) | 837 (97.4) | 1150 (97.5) | 874 (98.0) |
| ED visit | 528 (25.8) | 184 (28.0) | 203 (23.6) | 332 (28.2) | 249 (27.9) |
| Inpatient hospitalization | 1773 (86.6) | 563 (85.7) | 759 (88.4) | 1070 (90.8) | 751 (84.2) |
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, ARNI angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, CKD chronic kidney disease, ED emergency department, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF heart failure, HK hyperkalemia, HRU healthcare resource utilization, IQR interquartile range, K+ potassium, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, RAASi renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor, SD standard deviation
aUS Census region
bBased on the last serum creatinine measurement within 12 months pre-index and calculated using the Mayo Clinic quadratic equation