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. 2024 May 28;14:12267. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62783-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison between optimized differential ultracentrifugation (UC48min), density ultracentrifugation (dUC) and Exoquick (EXO) separation methods. (a) Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) graphic represents particle size distribution in x-axis (nm) and concentration in y-axis (particle/mL). (b) Western-blot (WB) signals obtained from CD9, CD81, CD63, Flotillin-1, Alix and THP markers. Western-blot images were cropped; the original blots are presented in Fig. S9 from Supplementary Material S2. (c) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs, in which the scale bar corresponds to 200 nm. Black and red arrows indicate small EVs (SEVs) and EXO polymer, respectively. NTA and WB techniques were performed in 3 urine samples (only one sample is represented), and TEM in one sample.