Table 3.
Associations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status with patient characteristics and pre-pandemic standard vaccination willingness in patients with MS.
| Parameter | 1st vaccination | 2nd vaccination | 3rd vaccination | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% conf. interv. | p-value | OR | 95% conf. interv. | p-value | OR | 95% conf. interv. | p-value | |
| Sociodemographic data | |||||||||
| Sex (ref. male) | 0.734 | 0.307–1.756 | 0.487 | 1.229 | 0.599–2.523 | 0.574 | 1.598 | 0.604–4.225 | 0.345 |
| Age (in years) | 1.027 | 0.994–1.060 | 0.108 | 1.018 | 0.989–1.046 | 0.223 | 0.999 | 0.966–1.034 | 0.973 |
| Education (in years) | 1.071 | 0.752–1.525 | 0.703 | 1.020 | 0.753–1.383 | 0.897 | 1.121 | 0.785–1.600 | 0.531 |
| Willingness to receive recom-mended vaccinations | 3.447 | 1.529–7.769 | 0.003 | 3.155 | 1.516–6.568 | 0.002 | 0.810 | 0.316–2.079 | 0.661 |
| Psychological variables | |||||||||
| HADS-A (ref. normal) | |||||||||
| Borderline | 0.542 | 0.223–1.318 | 0.177 | 0.659 | 0.300–1.451 | 0.301 | 1.066 | 0.370–3.074 | 0.906 |
| Abnormal | 0.841 | 0.295–2.398 | 0.746 | 0.994 | 0.396–2.492 | 0.989 | 1.150 | 0.372–3.556 | 0.809 |
| HADS-D (ref. normal) | |||||||||
| Borderline | 0.391 | 0.155–0.986 | 0.047 | 0.463 | 0.198–1.085 | 0.076 | 0.431 | 0.094–1.972 | 0.278 |
| Abnormal | 0.842 | 0.258–2.745 | 0.776 | 0.809 | 0.294–2.225 | 0.681 | 0.539 | 0.117–2.491 | 0.429 |
| Clinical data | |||||||||
| Disease duration (in years) | 0.984 | 0.942–1.027 | 0.455 | 1.004 | 0.965–1.045 | 0.847 | 1.051 | 1.004–1.099 | 0.031 |
| Disease course (ref. CIS/RRMS) | |||||||||
| SPMS | 1.098 | 0.435–2.776 | 0.843 | 1.262 | 0.550–2.898 | 0.583 | 1.280 | 0.491–3.335 | 0.614 |
| PPMS | 0.938 | 0.192–4.589 | 0.937 | 0.874 | 0.222–3.433 | 0.847 | 1.462 | 0.294–7.284 | 0.643 |
| EDSS score | 0.945 | 0.796–1.122 | 0.517 | 0.988 | 0.849–1.149 | 0.875 | 1.062 | 0.882–1.279 | 0.524 |
| Medical care (ref. inpatient) | 1.522 | 0.561–4.126 | 0.409 | 1.173 | 0.463–2.969 | 0.737 | 0.924 | 0.292–2.921 | 0.893 |
| Use of DMT | 1.626 | 0.683–3.871 | 0.272 | 1.548 | 0.712–3.368 | 0.270 | 1.178 | 0.415–3.349 | 0.758 |
| Comorbidity (ref. no) | 0.656 | 0.251–1.709 | 0.388 | 0.486 | 0.201–1.177 | 0.110 | 1.133 | 0.425–3.019 | 0.803 |
| Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 (ref. no infection) | 1.695 | 0.207–13.892 | 0.623 | 0.393 | 0.106–1.464 | 0.163 | 0.731 | 0.089–6.034 | 0.771 |
CIS clinically isolated syndrome, conf. interv. confidence interval, DMT disease-modifying therapy approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, EDSS expanded disability status scale, HADS-A subscale of anxiety of the hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS-D subscale of depression of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MS multiple sclerosis, OR odds ratio from univariable logistic regression analysis, PPMS primary progressive MS, ref. reference, RRMS relapsing–remitting MS, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SPMS secondary progressive MS.
Significant values are given in bold.