Table 2.
Characteristics of the semaglutide cohort and the anti-obesity medications cohort for the study population with obesity who had a prior history of AUD
| Before propensity-score matching | After propensity-score matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide cohort | Non-GLP-1RA anti-obesity medications cohort | SMD | Semaglutide cohort | Non-GLP-1RA anti-obesity medications cohort | SMD | |
| Total number | 1,470 | 2,784 | 1,051 | 1,051 | ||
| Age at index event (years, mean ± SD) | 53.6 ± 12.7 | 50.5 ± 12.9 | 0.25a | 52.7 ± 12.8 | 52.4 ± 13.0 | 0.02 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Female | 41.4 | 36.1 | 0.11a | 40.9 | 42.0 | 0.02 |
| Male | 54.8 | 59.2 | 0.09 | 55.5 | 54.5 | 0.02 |
| Unknown | 3.7 | 4.7 | 0.05 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.005 |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latinx | 8.5 | 6.1 | 0.09 | 7.4 | 7.4 | <.001 |
| Not Hispanic/Latinx | 73.9 | 75.4 | 0.03 | 74.2 | 73.9 | 0.007 |
| Unknown | 17.6 | 18.5 | 0.02 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 0.007 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.09 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.04 |
| Black | 15.2 | 17.1 | 0.05 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 0.003 |
| White | 67.2 | 65.5 | 0.04 | 66.1 | 66.3 | 0.004 |
| Unknown | 10.9 | 11.5 | 0.02 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 0.003 |
| Marital status (%) | ||||||
| Never Married | 13.9 | 19.5 | 0.15a | 14.8 | 15.3 | 0.01 |
| Divorced | 6.9 | 6.1 | 0.03 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 0.01 |
| Widowed | 2.0 | 2.3 | 0.02 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 0.02 |
| Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health (%) | 14.9 | 18.9 | 0.11a | 14.8 | 15.0 | 0.005 |
| Problems related to lifestyle (%) | 28.2 | 32.1 | 0.09 | 30.5 | 29.2 | 0.03 |
| Obesity categories (%) | ||||||
| Morbid (severe) obesity due to excess calories | 63.6 | 38.3 | 0.52a | 56.1 | 56.9 | 0.02 |
| Obesity, unspecified | 80.3 | 73.1 | 0.17a | 77.6 | 77.7 | 0.002 |
| Other obesity due to excess calories | 19.0 | 11.5 | 0.21a | 16.7 | 16.5 | 0.005 |
| BMI 30.0–30.9 | 7.6 | 12.0 | 0.15a | 9.0 | 9.0 | <.001 |
| BMI 31.0–31.9 | 8.6 | 11.9 | 0.11a | 9.6 | 9.7 | 0.006 |
| BMI 32.0–32.9 | 10.8 | 12.5 | 0.05 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 0.03 |
| BMI 33.0–33.9 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 0.03 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 0.003 |
| BMI 34.0–34.9 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 0.005 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 0.01 |
| BMI 35.0–35.9 | 14.0 | 11.2 | 0.09 | 13.2 | 13.9 | 0.02 |
| BMI 36.0–36.9 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 0.14a | 13.6 | 13.7 | 0.003 |
| BMI 37.0–37.9 | 15.0 | 9.2 | 0.18a | 12.9 | 13.4 | 0.01 |
| BMI 38.0–38.9 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 0.20a | 11.2 | 11.6 | 0.01 |
| BMI 39.0–39.9 | 12.0 | 7.1 | 0.17a | 9.4 | 9.9 | 0.02 |
| BMI 40.0–44.9 | 25.5 | 16.8 | 0.21a | 22.9 | 23.1 | 0.005 |
| BMI 45.0–49.9 | 14.8 | 8.1 | 0.21a | 11.6 | 11.4 | 0.006 |
| BMI 50.0–59.9 | 9.2 | 5.1 | 0.16a | 7.2 | 7.5 | 0.01 |
| BMI 60.0–69.9 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.08 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.03 |
| BMI ≥70 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.009 |
| Family history of mental and behavioral disorders | 2.7 | 4.3 | 0.09 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 0.06 |
| Pre-existing medical conditions, procedures, medications (%) | ||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 59.2 | 27.6 | 0.67a | 47.9 | 47.8 | 0.002 |
| Depression | 56.7 | 57.0 | 0.007 | 57.8 | 58.1 | 0.01 |
| Mood disorders | 64.1 | 68.2 | 0.09 | 65.6 | 67.0 | 0.03 |
| Anxiety disorders | 65.0 | 66.8 | 0.04 | 65.4 | 66.7 | 0.03 |
| Psychotic disorders | 6.4 | 9.9 | 0.13a | 7.2 | 7.4 | 0.007 |
| Behavioral disorders | 17.3 | 12.1 | 0.15a | 16.2 | 16.6 | 0.01 |
| Disorders of adult personality and behavior | 7.3 | 6.8 | 0.02 | 7.3 | 7.3 | <.001 |
| Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence | 10.1 | 8.3 | 0.06 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 0.04 |
| Conduct disorders | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.04 | 1.5 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| Symptoms and signs involving emotional state | 17.8 | 23.5 | 0.14a | 18.2 | 19.7 | 0.04 |
| Chronic pain | 47.3 | 35.7 | 0.24a | 43.1 | 44.7 | 0.03 |
| Cancer | 51.0 | 30.7 | 0.42a | 46.2 | 45.9 | 0.008 |
| Cannabis use disorder | 11.4 | 16.7 | 0.15a | 11.9 | 11.1 | 0.02 |
| Opioid use disorder | 10.5 | 11.5 | 0.03 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 0.02 |
| Tobacco use disorder | 42.9 | 53.5 | 0.21a | 45.1 | 45.7 | 0.01 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 7.3 | 11.1 | 0.13a | 8.1 | 7.5 | 0.02 |
| Other stimulant disorders | 4.6 | 6.9 | 0.10a | 4.7 | 4.5 | 0.009 |
| Other psychoactive substance related disorders | 13.6 | 17.5 | 0.11a | 14.7 | 15.0 | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 85.0 | 82.0 | 0.08 | 83.2 | 82.6 | 0.02 |
| Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidemias | 78.1 | 56.6 | 0.47a | 72.4 | 72.5 | 0.002 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 65.3 | 45.2 | 0.41a | 59.1 | 59.6 | 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 28.9 | 16.1 | 0.31a | 23.9 | 24.7 | 0.02 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 29.2 | 22.4 | 0.16a | 26.2 | 24.4 | 0.04 |
| Other forms of heart disease | 51.8 | 44.4 | 0.15a | 49.2 | 48.3 | 0.02 |
| Cerebral infarction | 5.9 | 5.1 | 0.03 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0.04 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 12.4 | 11.2 | 0.04 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 0.02 |
| Substance abuse treatment | 2.7 | 8.0 | 0.24a | 3.4 | 3.2 | 0.01 |
| Psychotherapy | 16.8 | 11.4 | 0.16a | 14.7 | 15.8 | 0.03 |
| Acamprosate | 2.0 | 3.2 | 0.08 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 0.04 |
| Disulfiram | 2.5 | 1.9 | 0.04 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.007 |
| Baclonfen | 7.6 | 5.3 | 0.09 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 0.01 |
| Gabapentin | 40.5 | 36.5 | 0.08 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 0.002 |
| Medical visit types (%) | ||||||
| Outpatient | 97.1 | 90.4 | 0.28a | 96.3 | 96.7 | 0.02 |
| Inpatient | 59.5 | 65.5 | 0.13a | 59.4 | 58.6 | 0.02 |
| Emergency | 69.0 | 69.9 | 0.05 | 68.1 | 69.5 | 0.03 |
| Virtual | 12.9 | 12.1 | 0.03 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 0.04 |
Shown were cohorts before and after propensity-score matching for the listed variables with their status based on the presence of related clinical codes anytime to the day of the index event. Shown were cohorts before and after propensity-score matching for the listed variables with their status based on the presence of related clinical codes anytime on or before the index event (the first prescription of semaglutide, or non-GLP-1RA anti-obesity medications during 6/2021–12/2022). Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health include problems related to education and literacy, employment and unemployment, housing and economic circumstances, social environment, upbringing, primary support group including family circumstances, certain psychosocial circumstances, and other psychosocial circumstances. Problems with lifestyle included tobacco use, lack of physical exercise, inappropriate diet and eating habits, high-risk sexual behavior, gambling and betting, and other problems related to lifestyle including antisocial behavior and sleep deprivation.
SMD standardized mean differences, SD standard deviation.
aSMD greater than 0.1, a threshold indicating cohort imbalance.