Table 2.

Priority questions for research on cancer in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Topic	Priority Questions
International cancer trends and burden	• How will the regional spectrum of cancers among PLWH change in the coming decades? • Who is at highest risk of cancer among PLWH and what are the determinants of elevated cancer risk among PLWH? • In the setting of widespread access to effective ART, what are the differences, if any, in cancer incidence between resource-rich and resource-limited regions?
Cancer etiology and tumor characteristics	• What role do disordered immunity, chronic inflammation, and accelerated aging play in explaining increased cancer risk among PLWH on ART? • Among PLWH, what is the contribution of oncogenic viruses to specific cancer types (beyond the generally accepted list of cancers and their associated viruses), and how do these associations vary across geographic settings and populations? • For specific cancer types, are there important biologic differences between tumors occurring among people living with and without HIV, and are there unique features of tumors among PLWH that can help guide treatment?
Cervical cancer	• How will wider and earlier access to ART impact cervical cancer burden in unscreened women with HIV, particularly in high HIV prevalence settings in sub-Saharan Africa? • What is the impact of HPV vaccination among immunocompetent vaccinees who later acquire HIV? • Is the risk of cervical cancer, conditional on a screening test result, different between women living with and without HIV?
Kaposi sarcoma	• How can we increase the fraction of KS in sub-Saharan Africa that is diagnosed in an early prognostic phase and better recognize concurrent severe diseases caused by KSHV? • What are the determinants of KS occurring in PLWH on ART with fully suppressed HIV? • What factors sustain high levels of KSHV transmission among children in sub-Saharan Africa and among MSM? • Is it possible to develop, approve and implement a vaccine against KSHV infection?
Lung and anal cancers	• Among PLWH, which novel biomarkers or risk scores can identify PLWH who will benefit most from screening for lung and anal cancers? • How can screening for these cancers be implemented effectively and at scale for the HIV population?
Cancer treatment and survival	• What are the mechanisms for the adverse effect of HIV infection on cancer survival by cancer site and subtype? • How much of the cancer survival differences in PLWH can be mitigated by reducing disparities in access to care, and how can we implement and disseminate evidence-based, community-engaged strategies to increase access to cancer therapy?

ART: antiretroviral therapy, KSHV: Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, MSM: men who have sex with men; PLWH: people living with HIV