Table 1.
Studies of microalgae-bacteria consortia in promoting wastewater treatment.
| Microalgae-Bacteria Used | Medium/Condition | Biomass Yield (%) | Removal efficiency (%) | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. sorokiniana and Chlorella sp. with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus | Artificial wastewater (AWW) and raw dairy wastewater (RDWW) | RDWW: 2.87 g/L | COD of RDWW: 90.49 % | Enhanced growth, biomass, nutrient/COD removal over monocultures. | [102] |
| AWW: 2.84 g/L | COD of AWW: 82.27 % | ||||
| C. sorokiniana with Streptomyces thermocarboxydus | Wastewater treatment | Bioflocculation efficiency: 93 %; Biomass productivity: increased 33 % Lipid productivity: 80 % increase due to the co-cultivation of Streptomyces and microalgal cells. | NA | Higher algal biomass and lipid content, suitable for biodiesel. | [112] |
| Chlorella sp. with four bacterial strains | Pharmaceutical waste degradation | NA | In dark condition: biodegradation was faster with a lag phase of 10 h; COD: 41 %; Toxicity reduction: 82 % | Effective ketoprofen degradation, reduced COD (40 %) and toxicity (82 %) | [103] |
| T. obliquus and Coelastrella sp. with V. paradoxus | Modified Bold's basal medium | NA | Nitrate: 88–99 %; Phosphate: 92–95 % | Improved microalgae growth, nutrient uptake nitrate and phosphate and biochemical composition. | [51] |
| C. vulgaris with various bacterial strains | Wastewater treatment | Biomass growth rate: 0.196 ± 0.06 d−1 (highest); mean daily biomass productivity 0.098 ± 0.009 g L−1 d−1 (for 10:1 ratio of S395-2 to C. vulgaris) | COD: 88.29 ± 5.03 %; TN: 88.31 ± 4.29 %; TP: 88.21 ± 4.51 %; CO2 68.13 ± 1.69 %. | Enhanced algal biomass accumulation, nutrient removal, and energy generation. | [113] |
| Consortia with microalgae | Photoreactor for wastewater treatment | TSS: ∼59 % increased; Chlorophyll: ∼64 % increased | NH4+–N: 65 ± 6 % −93 ± 2 % (with the change of light density) | Reduced aeration requirements due to inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria. | [109] |
| Microalga-bacteria photoreactor system | Ammonium removal | TSS: 1006 ± 100 mg/L - 1930 mg/L |
NH4+ oxidized to NO2− at the rate of 8.09 mg NH4+-N L−1h−1. | Innovative method for nitrogen removal without external aeration. | [111] |
| VSS: 639 mg/L, - 1240 mg/L, | |||||
| Chlorophyll a: 217 % | |||||
| Chlorophyll b: 36 % | |||||
| Chlorophyll a and b indicate high algal biomass growth |