Table 1.
Mean healthcare cost (SE) and mean cost differences (95% CI) per participant by cost category for the early management and usual care groups.
| Cost category | Early management group (n = 400) $ (SE) | Usual care group (n = 393) $ (SE) |
Cost difference $ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early GDM diagnosis approacha | 38.70 (0.22) | 0 | 38.70 (37.73, 39.67) |
| Self-monitoring of blood-glucose | 69.14 (0.48) | 39.07 (1.73) | 30.07 (26.93, 33.85) |
| General practitioner | 31.63 (2.97) | 31.56 (3.34) | 0.07 (−9.16, 7.96) |
| Endocrinologist | 214.24 (14.07) | 91.0 (7.25) | 123.24 (91.84, 155.10) |
| Obstetrician/Maternal-fetal medicine specialist | 353.52 (11.17) | 276.41 (10.12) | 77.11 (48.40, 105.81) |
| Midwife | 115.55 (4.54) | 138.13 (5.16) | −22.58 (−37.11, −10.36) |
| Miscellaneous healthcare providersb | 151.98 (16.88) | 158.14 (17.40) | −6.16 (−55.93, 38.18) |
| Dietician | 55.79 (1.58) | 41.28 (1.77) | 14.51 (9.84, 18.75) |
| Diabetes educator | 128.13 (3.98) | 71.39 (3.24) | 56.74 (47.49, 67.83) |
| Ultrasound | 204.68 (9.93) | 179.74 (8.39) | 24.94 (−1.11, 49.55) |
| Fetal non-stress test | 0.54 (0.24) | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.34 (−0.06, 0.99) |
| Blood test | 19.20 (1.29) | 17.88 (1.72) | 1.32 (−3.23, 5.19) |
| Emergency department | 108.96 (19.21) | 69.63 (11.39) | 39.33 (1.56, 87.48) |
| Maternal hospital admission | 1466.67 (33.21) | 1437.12 (33.39) | 29.55 (−65.39, 125.02) |
| Delivery of birth | 6601.31 (152.06) | 6854.26 (152.42) | −252.95 (−659.98, 170.46) |
| Neonatal intensive care unit | 859.47 (498.03) | 2186.35 (858.65) | −1326.88 (−3616.92, 397.24) |
| Special care nursery | 1521.44 (256.73) | 1811.03 (291.85) | −289.59 (−1052.58, 394.88) |
| Medication | 179.63 (10.96) | 90.72 (6.77) | 88.91 (63.77, 113.74) |
| Total healthcare | 12,120.58 (586.63) | 13,493.91 (931.68) | −1373.33 (−3748.79, 641.94) |
Note: Statistical significance (p < 0.05) denoted by bold highlight. Abbreviations: $ United States dollar; 95% CI 95% Confidence interval “bias corrected and accelerated”; GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus; SE Standard error.
Appendix A. Supplementary data: Attachment S1.
Include anesthesiologist, birth/day/women's assessment unit, cardiologist, chronic disease nurse, consultant physician (dental, renal, thyroid), hematologist, mental health nurse, mental health service, neurologist, ophthalmologist, orthopedic, pediatrician, physiotherapist, podiatrist, pre-admission, preeclampsia day stay, psychologist, social worker, and urologist. Statistical significance denoted by bold highlight.