. 2024 May 16;10(10):e31229. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31229

Table 2.

Isolated Chemical constituents and mechanism of action of Indian Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora species.

Plant Species	Sr.no.	Isolated Compounds	Active Component	Plant parts	Mechanism of action	References
T. cordifolia	1.	β-sitosterol	Steroids	Stem	Decrease inflammation	[41]
	2.	Ecdysterone
	3.	Giloinsterol
	4.	Makisterone A
T. crispa	5.	Makisterone C		Stems, aerial parts, vines stem	Remarkable α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition.	[52,53]
	6.	Lathosterol
	7.	Secoisolariciresinol
	8.	2-Deoxy crustecdysone
	9.	Stigmasterol		Root	Reduce inflammation
T. sinensis	10.	daucosterol		Stem	Anti-neuro-inflammation, regulation of immunity	[48,54,55]
	11.	7α-hydroxysitisterol
	12.	7α-hydroxy Stigmasterol
	13.	6β-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one
T. cordifolia	14.	Tembetarine	Alkaloids	Root, stem	Anti-histamine, CNS Stimulant.	[22,25,26,56]
	15.	Isocolumbin
	16.	Palmetine
	17.	Berberine
	18.	Choline
	19.	Magnoflorine
T.crispa	20.	N-Demethyl-N-formyldehydro-nuciferine		Stem	Important immune-modulatory effects include increased phagocytic activity, chemotaxis, ROS and NO generation, and TNF-α,IL-1β, IL6, PEG2, and MCP-1 production.	[52,57,58]
	21.	N-cis-feruloyltyramine
	22.	4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol (Tyramine)			Substantial antioxidant activity and effects of positive inotropy on the isolated left atrium.
	23.	(1S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-6,7-diol (Salsolinol)
	24.	3-methoxy-7-methyl-5,6,12,12a-tetrahydro indolo [2,1-a] iso-quinolin-7-ium-2, 9,10-triol (-litcubinine)
T. sinensis	25.	Tetrahydro palmatine		Stem	Antiviral action	[48,54]
	26.	4-[formyl-5-(hydroxyl-methyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoic acid
	27.	2,3,10- trimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-iso-quinolino [2,1-b] isoquinolin-7-ium-9-ol (Palmatrubine)
T.cordifolia	28.	Tinocordiside	Glycosides	Stem	Prevent cardiac Na+, K + ATPase activity	[33,34,36,37,39,59,60]
	29.	Tinocordifolin
	30.	Cordifolioside A
	31.	Cordifolioside C
	32.	Amritiside A
T. crispa	33.	Rumphioside B		Stem, whole plant	Immunomodulatory action	[[61], [62], [63]]
	34.	Borapetol A
	35.	Tinocrispol A,
	36.	Borapetol B
	37.	Borapetpside B
T. sinensis	38.	Tinosposide A		Stem	Antioxidant activity	[64,65]
	39.	Tinosposide B
	40.	Tinosposinenside A
	41.	Rumphioside A
	42.	Cordifolide A
	43.	Furanolactone
T. cordifolia	44.	Tinosporide	Diterpenoid Lactones and sesquiterpenoids	Whole plant	Cardio-protective	[28,[30], [31], [32],66]
	45.	Tinocordside
	46.	Syringin
	47.	Columbin
	48.	Jateorine
	49.	14-dieno-17, 12S: 18, 1S dilactone],
	50.	Tinosporon
	51.	Clerodane derivatives [(5R,10R)-4R-8Rdi-hydroxy-2S-3R: 15, 16- diepoxy-cleroda-13
T. crispa	52.	Apigenin	Flavonoids	Stem	Cardio-protective	[67]
	53.	Diosmetin
	54.	Genkwanin
	55.	Luteolin 4′-methyl ether 7-glucoside
	56.	Rutin
T. baenzigeri	57.	Baenzigeride A	Clerodane-type furano diterpenoids and diterpenoids	Stem	Diarrhoea, cold, fever and ulcers	[68,69]
	58.	Baenzigeroside A
	59.	Caruillignan D
T. crispa	60.	Rumphioside F		Stem aerial parts	Substantial cytotoxicity against MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells that are STAT3-dependent	[70]
T. crispa	61.	Rumphoside		Stem aerial parts		[70]
T. cordifolia	62.	Heptacosanol	Aliphatic compounds	Whole plant	–	[23]
	63.	Octacosanol	Aliphatic compounds
	64.	Gilloin	Miscellaneous
	65.	Jatrorrhizine	Miscellaneous