. 2024 May 29;22:10.18332/tid/188114. doi: 10.18332/tid/188114

Table 1.

Summary of the methodologies and critical findings of the selected studies investigating the aesthetic impact of smoking on resin-based dental restorations

Study title	Study design	Sample size and material	Type of cigarette	Key findings	Clinical implications
Effect of conventional and electronic cigarettes smoking on the color stability and clarity of tooth-colored restorative materials: an in vitro analysis¹⁵ (2021)	An in vitro analysis	120 specimens - Nano-hybrid Filtek Z250 XT and Micro-hybrid Filtek Z250	Conventional and electronic cigarettes	Conventional cigarettes have a more pronounced effect on color change than electronic cigarettes. The micro-hybrid composite showed better color stability. Translucency decreased in all groups.	Dental material selection and smoking type affect color stability. Consider patient education on smoking cessation.
Effects of cigarette smoking on color stability of dental resin composites¹⁰ (2017)	An in vitro analysis	60 composite resin discs - Durafill YSh, Tetric EvoCeram BulkFiW, and Filtek Supreme Ultrad	Conventional cigarettes (3R4F) and tobacco aerosol (THS2.2)	Cigarette smoke caused significant color changes in composite discs. Tobacco aerosol had milder effects on color. The type of exposure and composite used influenced surface gloss and surface roughness.	Resin composite type and exposure type influence aesthetic changes. Consider treatment planning and material selection.
Effects of cigarette smoke and tobacco heating aerosol on color stability of dental enamel, dentin, and composite resin restorations¹⁶ (2019)	An in vitro analysis	Human premolar teeth with Class V cavities and composite restorations	Conventional cigarettes (3R4F CS) and tobacco heating system aerosol (THS 2.2)	Conventional cigarettes caused significant color changes in teeth and restorations. THS 2.2 aerosol had a significantly lower color impact. Composite restorations were more affected by cigarette smoke.	Different smoking types have varying effects on color stability. Dental ceramics may offer better aesthetics for smokers.
Influence of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in comparison to conventional cigarette color stability of dental restorative materials¹⁷ (2020)	An in vitro analysis	30 composite resin and 30 dental ceramic disk specimens	Conventional cigarettes (Marlboro Gold) and electronic nicotine delivery systems smoke (SMOK - Alien 220w)	Significant color differences in ceramic and composite specimens after exposure to smoke. Cigarette smoke had a slightly lower impact on composite specimens than ENDS aerosol.	Smoking and ENDS aerosol affect the color stability of restorative materials. Consider material selection and patient education.
Staining beverages and cigarette smoke on composite resin and human tooth fluorescence by direct spectrometry¹⁸ (2017)	An in vitro analysis	120 specimens - Four composite resin brands (Microfiller, Nanohybrid, Microhybrid, Nanofiller) and human molars	Staining beverages (coffee solution, cola-based soft drink) and cigarette smoke	Composite resins responded differently to staining agents and cigarette smoke. Different composite resins exhibited variations in fluorescence intensity.	Smoking and staining agents impact color stability differently in various composite resins. Consider material choice and patient education.