Table 2.

An overview of how ΔE (a measure that plays an important role in evaluating color accuracy) values vary in response to different factors, helping dental professionals understand the impact of smoking types, composite material selection, and the interaction with staining agents on dental restoration aesthetics

Factors	ΔE values	Interpretation
Smoking types	Conventional > Electronic	Conventional cigarettes result in more color change, indicating a greater impact on dental aesthetics.
Composite material selection	Nano-hybrid > Microhybrid	Nano-hybrid composites are more susceptible to color change, emphasizing the role of material selection.
Exposure to staining agents	Smoking + Staining Agents > Smoking alone	Combining smoking with staining agents leads to greater color changes in dental restorations.