Table 2.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal statistical comparisons of neuroimaging metrics between PLS and healthy controls
| Cross-sectional | Longitudinal (Interaction Time x Group) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere | Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere | |||
| F-value (DOF) | p-value | F-value (DOF) | p-value |
t-value (DOF), p-value |
t-value (DOF), p-value |
|
| Connectivity: Crb-Frontal | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 50.16 | < 0.001** | F(1,146) = 56.89 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 0.63, p = 0.530 |
t(110) = 1.30, p = 0.197 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 7.80 | 0.006* | F(1,146) = 4.25 | 00.041* |
t(110) = – 0.92, p = 0.358 |
t(110) = – 1.93, p = .056 |
| FC | F(1,142) = 6.80 | 0.010* | F(1,142) = .782 | 0.378 |
t(101) = – 1.16, p = 0.249 |
t(101) = – 0.01, p = 0.991 |
| Connectivity: Crb-Parietal | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 37.25 | < 0.001** | F(1,146) = 36.28 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 0.70, p = 0.485 |
t(110) = – 0.01, p = 0.988 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 2.22 | 0.138 | F(1,146) = 1.47 | 0.228 |
t(110) = – 1.61, p = 0.111 |
t(110) = – 0.43, p = 0.666 |
| FC | F(1,142) = 7.23 | 0.008* | F(1,142) = 17.41 | < 0.001** |
t(101) = 1.50, p = 0.138 |
t(101) = 2.25, p = 0.027* |
| Connectivity: Crb-Temporal | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 10.44 | 0.001** | F(1,146) = 25.68 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 1.01, p = 0.315 |
t(110) = 0.05, p = 0.958 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 2.87 | 0.092 | F(1,146) = 3.09 | 0.081 |
t(109) = – 0.66, p = 0.508 |
t(109) = 0.18, p = 0.859 |
| FC | F(1,142) = 0.11 | 0.738 | F(1,142) = 0.20 | 0.654 |
t(101) = – 1.75, p = 0.084 |
t(101) = – 0.72, p = 0.473 |
| Connectivity: Crb-Occipital | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 16.40 | < 0.001** | F(1,146) = 31.84 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 0.16, p = 0.873 |
t(110) = – 0.99, p = 0.326 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 0.30 | 0.583 | F(1,146) = 0.007 | 0.933 |
t(110) = 0.17, p = 0.864 |
t(110) = 0.62, p = 0.534 |
| FC | F(1,142) = 6.49 | 0.012* | F(1,142) = 3.861 | 0.051 |
t(101) = – 1.53, p = 0.130 |
t(101) = 0.29, p = 0.772 |
| Connectivity: Crb-Thalamus | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 5.21 | 0.024* | F(1,146) = 3.44 | 0.066 |
t(110) = 0.19, p = 0.851 |
t(110) = 0.44, p = 0.658 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 0.12 | 0.728 | F(1,146) = 0.07 | 0.790 |
t(110) = – 0.06, p = 0.955 |
t(110) = 0.47, p = 0.637 |
| FC | F(1,142) = 0.33 | 0.566 | F(1,142) = 2.45 | 0.120 |
t(101) = 0.44, p = 0.662 |
t(101) = 0.84, p = 0.404 |
| Connectivity: Spinocerebellar | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 2.26 | 0.135 | n.a | n.a |
t(110) = – 0.30, p = 0.764 |
n.a |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 1.18 | 0.279 | n.a | n.a |
t(110) = – 0.65, p = 0.515 |
n.a |
| FC | F(1,142) = 0.33 | 0.566 | n.a | n.a |
t(101) = 0.15, p = 0.882 |
n.a |
| Connectivity: Corticospinal tract | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 50.30 | < 0.001** | F(1,146) = 50.41 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 1.06, p = 0.289 |
t(110) = 1.57, p = 0.119 |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 27.64 | < 0.001** | F(1,146) = 24.96 | < 0.001** |
t(110) = 1.06, p = 0.289 |
t(110) = – 1.74, p = 0.084 |
| SC: FC | F(1,142) = 0.28 | 0.596 | F(1,142) = 0.32 | 0.571 |
t(101) = 1.57, p = 0.121 |
t(101) = 0.04, p = 0.970 |
| Connectivity: Transcallosal M1 (hemisphere n.a.) | ||||||
| SC: RD | F(1,146) = 39.10 | < 0.001** | n.a | n.a |
t(110) = 1.85, p = 0.066 |
n.a |
| SC: FA | F(1,146) = 14.76 | 0.002** | n.a | n.a |
t(110) = – 1.05, p = 0.297 |
n.a |
| FC | F(1,142) = 0.63 | 0.427 | n.a | n.a |
t(101) = – 0.96, p = 0.340 |
n.a |
| Volumetry: Cerebellar cortex (hemisphere: n.a.) | ||||||
| Anterior cerebellar lobe | F(1,146) = 11.37 | < 0.001** | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.11, p = 0.270 |
n.a |
| Posterior cerebellar lobe | F(1,146) = 9.18 | 0.002* | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.27, p = 0.208 |
n.a |
| Flocculonodular lobe | F(1,146) = 1.04 | 0.309 | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.85, p = 0.067 |
n.a |
| Cerebellar crura | F(1,146) = 5.02 | 0.027* | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.53, p = 0.128 |
n.a |
| Cerebellar vermis | F(1,146) = 5.51 | 0.020* | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.01, p = 0.314 |
n.a |
| Volumetry: Cerebellar nuclei (hemisphere: n.a.) | ||||||
| Dorsal dentate nucleus | F(1,146) = 5.02 | 0.027* | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = 0.87, p = 0.384 |
n.a |
| Ventral dentate nucleus | F(1,146) = 1.21 | 0.274 | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = 0.94, p = 0.348 |
n.a |
| Interposed nucleus | F(1,146) = 3.80 | 0.053 | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = 0.78, p = .435 |
n.a |
| Fastigial nucleus | F(1,146) = 0.41 | 0.521 | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = 0.48, p = 0.636 |
n.a |
| Volumetry: Motor cortex (hemisphere: n.a.) | ||||||
| M1 | F(1,146) = 58.36 | < 0.001** | n.a | n.a |
t(112) = – 1.01, p = 0.316 |
n.a |
ANOVA analysis of variance, Crb cerebellum, dMRI diffusion-magnetic resonance imaging, DOF degrees of freedom, FA fractional anisotropy, FC functional connectivity, HC healthy control, M1 primary motor cortex, n.a. not applicable, RD radial diffusivity, PLS primary lateral sclerosis, rs-fMRI resting-state functional MRI, SC structural connectivity, T1w T1-weighted MRI
*significant at an alpha-level of p ≤ 0.05
**significant at an alpha-level of p ≤ 0.001