. 2024 Mar 20;26(5):245–268. doi: 10.1007/s11886-024-02030-9

Table 2.

Routinely used biomarkers that could help predict the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death

Biomarker	Association with VA and SCD	Was the efficacy of the biomarkers’ concentration evaluated in the MVP population?	Performed studies
C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-1β	o Neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/neutrophil ratio (PLR), and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) were significantly higher in the MVP population o Lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) was significantly lower in the MVP group o High basal levels of CRP are related to increased risk of SCD o Increased serum concentration of CRP was related to malignant arrythmia occurrence o Even a slight increase in CRP is related to a 2.8-fold increase in SCD risk o hsCRP > 3 mg/L is related to significantly higher amount of appropriate ICD interventions o State of local inflammation leads to prolonged action potential duration and repolarization in the affected area o In the state of global inflammation QT prolongation can be observed	Yes	Evaluation of inflammation markers in mitral valve prolapse Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death Injury and Inflammation Markers Evaluation to Predict Clinical Outcomes After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Heart Failure Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death Mechanistic Insights Into Inflammation-Induced Arrhythmias: A Simulation Study
B-type natriuretic peptides: BNP, NT-proBNP	o When a myocardium suffers from volume expansion and pressure overload, cardiac cells release natriuretic peptides into the serum o BNP can predict VA or SCD with a lower p-value than LV EF o Increased BNP is related to QTc interval prolongation which correlates with SCD occurence	No	Brain natriuretic peptide for the prediction of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-analysis Relation of B-type natriuretic peptide level in heart failure to sudden cardiac death in patients with and without QT interval prolongation B-type natriuretic peptide is a major predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmias Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as predictors of sudden cardiac death among women
Cardiac troponins: cTnC, cTnI, cTnT	o cTns are released into the bloodstream when injury or stress occurs o High serum concentration of cTnT is associated with structural heart disease and subsequent risk of all-cause mortality o Increase in NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT is associated with an increased risk of ns-VT, atrial tachycardia, and PVC burden	No	Troponin I as a predictor of coronary heart disease and mortality in 70-year-old men: a community-based cohort study Association of Longitudinal Changes in Cardiac Biomarkers With Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] Study)

Biomarker

Association with VA and SCD

Was the efficacy of the biomarkers’ concentration evaluated in the MVP population?

Performed studies

C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-1β

o Neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/neutrophil ratio (PLR), and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) were significantly higher in the MVP population

o Lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) was significantly lower in the MVP group

o High basal levels of CRP are related to increased risk of SCD

o Increased serum concentration of CRP was related to malignant arrythmia occurrence

o Even a slight increase in CRP is related to a 2.8-fold increase in SCD risk

o hsCRP > 3 mg/L is related to significantly higher amount of appropriate ICD interventions

o State of local inflammation leads to prolonged action potential duration and repolarization in the affected area

o In the state of global inflammation QT prolongation can be observed

Yes

Evaluation of inflammation markers in mitral valve prolapse

Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death

Injury and Inflammation Markers Evaluation to Predict Clinical Outcomes After Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Heart Failure Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death

Mechanistic Insights Into Inflammation-Induced Arrhythmias: A Simulation Study

B-type natriuretic peptides: BNP, NT-proBNP

o When a myocardium suffers from volume expansion and pressure overload, cardiac cells release natriuretic peptides into the serum

o BNP can predict VA or SCD with a lower p-value than LV EF

o Increased BNP is related to QTc interval prolongation which correlates with SCD occurence

Brain natriuretic peptide for the prediction of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-analysis

Relation of B-type natriuretic peptide level in heart failure to sudden cardiac death in patients with and without QT interval prolongation

B-type natriuretic peptide is a major predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmias

Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as predictors of sudden cardiac death among women

Cardiac troponins: cTnC, cTnI, cTnT

o cTns are released into the bloodstream when injury or stress occurs

o High serum concentration of cTnT is associated with structural heart disease and subsequent risk of all-cause mortality

o Increase in NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT is associated with an increased risk of ns-VT, atrial tachycardia, and PVC burden

Troponin I as a predictor of coronary heart disease and mortality in 70-year-old men: a community-based cohort study

Association of Longitudinal Changes in Cardiac Biomarkers With Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] Study)