| Source of bias | Effect of risk on heart disease |
| Bias in who is prescribed oestrogen: | Decrease |
| More educated | Decrease |
| Higher social class | Decrease |
| Osteoporosis* | Decrease |
| No diabetes, heart disease, or | Decrease |
| hypertension | Decrease |
| Healthier† before treated | Decrease |
| Bias in who takes oestrogen: | |
| Compliant women | |
| Bias in diagnosis: | |
| False positive exercise tolerance tests in women taking oestrogen, leading to angiography |
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