Fig. 2.

Significant upregulation of the skin-homing molecule CLA one day before defervescence in secondary DENV-infected patients.

(A). A representative gating strategy of B cell subsets in a DENV-infected patient (upper panel) and healthy control (lower panel). Total B cells (CD3⁻CD19⁺) were classified into naive B cells (CD3⁻CD19⁺CD27⁻), activated memory B cells (CD3⁻CD19⁺CD27⁺CD38⁻), plasma cells (CD3⁻CD19⁺CD27⁺CD38⁺CD138⁺), and plasmablasts (CD3⁻CD19⁺CD27⁺CD38⁺CD138^-). The numbers represent the percentages of cells in relation to the parent gate.

(B). Comparison of percentages in each B cell subset between acute (one day before defervescence) and late convalescent (two weeks after defervescence) phases. The statistical significance from the same patients were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

(C). Histograms illustrate the CLA⁺ cells in each B cell subpopulation during acute (one day before defervescence) and late convalescent (two weeks after defervescence) phases in the DENV-infected patient and healthy control. The numbers represent the percentages of the CLA⁺ cells. CLA stained condition is shown in red and isotype condition is in blue.

(D). Percentages of the CLA⁺ cells in each B cell subset during acute DENV infection (one day before defervescence). Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test with a Bonferroni correction method was applied for statistical significance of the differences between CLA⁺ cells in each B cell subset among multiple samples. Each line represents each DENV-infected patient. ns = p > 0.05, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, and ****p ≤ 0.0001. Number of patients, n = 16, healthy controls, n = 10. PCs = plasma cells, PBs = plasmablasts, Late con = late convalescent phase. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)