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. 2024 Apr 22;79(6):538–544. doi: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220856

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plots of results of Mendelian randomisation (MR) to estimate the causal effect of (A) seropositive RA (exposure) on IPF (outcome), (B) seronegative RA (exposure) on IPF (outcome), (C) IPF (exposure) on seropositive RA (outcome) and (D) IPF (exposure) on seronegative RA (outcome). IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; IVW-FE, inverse-variance weighted fixed effect; IVW-RE, inverse-variance weighted random effect; MR-PRESSO, MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SIMEX, simulation extrapolation.