Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with severe yellow fever infection according to the outcome of bleeding and death.
| Characteristics | All patients |
Alive patients |
Deceased patients |
P valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 21) |
(n = 17) |
(n = 4) |
|||||
| Minor bleeding |
Major bleeding |
P valueb | Minor bleeding |
Major bleeding |
Major bleeding |
||
| (n = 7) | (n = 14) | (n = 7) | (n = 10) | (n = 4) | |||
| Characteristics | |||||||
| Time in ICU (d), median (IQR) | 4 (2-16) | 3 (1.8-4.2) | .15 | 4 (2-16) | 2 (1-3) | 4 (3-7) | .07 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age (y), median (IQR) | 41 (37-51) | 51 (44-59) | .26 | 41 (37-51) | 51 (36-59) | 50 (45-57) | .52 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 7 (100) | 13 (92.8) | .46 | 7 (100) | 9 (90) | 4 (100) | .71 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 75 (65-84) | 70 (54-76) | .25 | 75 (65-84) | 70 (52-72) | 73 (57-86) | .32 |
| BMIa (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 22 (21-29) | 23 (21-29) | .85 | 22 (21-29) | 23 (20-24) | 30 (24-32) | .48 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||
| Median MABP (IQR) | 83 (64-98) | 89 (77-99) | .57 | 83 (64-98) | 87 (72-104) | 93 (83-98) | .76 |
| Heart rate (beats/min), median (IQR) | 70 (56-97) | 88 (68-98) | .48 | 70 (56-97) | 84 (58-98) | 94 (78-104) | .49 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min), median (IQR) | 19 (16-21) | 19 (17-21) | .86 | 19 (16-21) | 19 (17-20) | 23 (17-30) | .5 |
| Temperature (°C), median (IQR) | 36 (35-37) | 36 (35-38) | .77 | 36 (35-37) | 37 (36-38) | 36 (35-37) | .72 |
| Vaccination for YF, n (%) | 1 (14) | 2 (14) | .81 | 1 (14) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) | .81 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%) | 2 (29) | 9 (64) | .38 | 2 (29) | 7 (70) | 2 (50) | .07 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 2 (29) | 7 (50) | .42 | 2 (29) | 4 (40) | 3 (75) | .08 |
| Infectiona, n (%) | 2 (29) | 7 (50) | .42 | 2 (29) | 5 (50) | 2 (50) | .13 |
| Median No. of SIRS (IQR) | 2 (0.5-2) | 2 (1-3) | .17 | 2 (0.5-2) | 2 (1-3) | 3 (1-3) | .05 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||||
| AST (units/L), median (IQR) | 1179 (729-9901) | 1334 (525-3839) | .70 | 1179 (729-9901) | 2785 (460-5453) | 773 (437-2323) | .57 |
| ALT (units/L), median (IQR) | 722 (121-5166) | 1085 (197-2781) | .90 | 722 (121-5166) | 1922 (383-3139) | 134 (96-859) | .10 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 8.4 (3.4-20.4) | 4 (2.9-9.8) | .50 | 8.4 (3.4-20.4) | 3.9 (1.6-7.1) | 9.8 (4.7-16.5) | .26 |
| Albumin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 2.9 (2.8-3.1) | 2.9 (2.6-3.1) | .77 | 2.9 (2.8-3.1) | 2.8 (2.6-3.1) | 2.9 (2.5-3.6) | .93 |
| Lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) | 1.8 (1.2-5.6) | .45 | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) | 1.2 (1.1-2.0) | 9.2 (4.3-12.8) | .004 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.7-0.9) | 1.3 (0.9-2.9) | .17 | 0.9 (0.7-0.9) | 0.9 (0.8-1.9) | 6.5 (3.0-7.4) | .007 |
| Median leukocyte count/μL (IQR) | 5300 (2300-7200) | 5400 (2950-11,150) | .70 | 5300 (2300-7200) | 3400 (2300-6150) | 15,750 (8975-33,325) | .008 |
| Median platelet count/μL (IQR) | 55,000 (37,000-236,000) | 51,000 (38,000-113,000) | .68 | 55,000 (37,000-236,000) | 51,000 (38,000-113,000) | 58,000 (34,000-157,000) | .91 |
| aPTT (s), median (IQR) | 48 (22-80) | 36 (23-68) | .63 | 48 (22-80) | 30 (21-40) | 76 (47-93) | .09 |
| Median INR (IQR) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 1.0 (1.0-1.5) | .49 | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 1.0 (1.0-1.2) | 1.6 (1.4-1.7) | .09 |
| TT (s), median (IQR) | 22 (16-49) | 37 (26-93) | .20 | 22 (16-49) | 35 (24-63) | 82 (26-300) | .26 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL), (IQR) | 0.45 (0.42-11.29) | 8 (2-9) | .43 | 0.45 (0.42-11.29) | 2.3 (1.5-13.3) | 9.6 (9.3-9.9) | .63 |
| Blood transfusion | |||||||
| Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, n (%) | 3 (43) | 10 (71) | .20 | 3 (43) | 7 (70) | 3 (75) | .0001 |
| Transfusion of cryoprecipitate, n (%) | 2 (29) | 9 (64) | .12 | 2 (29) | 6 (60) | 3 (75) | .001 |
| Transfusion of packed red cells, n (%) | 2 (29) | 7 (50) | .34 | 2 (29) | 4 (40) | 3 (75) | .001 |
| Transfusion of platelets, n (%) | 3 (43) | 10 (71) | .20 | 3 (43) | 8 (80) | 2 (50) | .001 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; MABP, mean arterial pressure; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TT, thrombin time; YF, yellow fever.
a
All patients had a bacterial infection.
b
Comparison between the 2 groups was performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test, considering alpha at 5%.
c
Comparison between the 3 groups was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis statistic test, considering alpha at 5%.