Table 5.

The causal relationship between exposure and outcome, exposure and mediation, mediation and outcome

Exposure	Outcome	Method	β	SE	OR (95%CI)	P- value
ALM	KOA	IVW	0.184	0.025	1.202(1.145- 1.262)	1.18 × 10–13
ALM	BMI	IVW	0.018	0.009	1.018(1.000- 1.036)	0.048
BMI	KOA	IVW	0.610	0.038	1.841(1.710- 1.981)	1.88 × 10–59
ALM	KOA	IVW	0.184	0.025	1.202(1.145- 1.262)	1.18 × 10–13
ALM	CCL23	IVW	0.038	0.028	1.039(0.984- 1.097)	0.165
CCL23	KOA	IVW	-0.042	0.019	0.959(0.923- 0.995)	0.028
ALM	KOA	IVW	0.184	0.025	1.202(1.145- 1.262)	1.18 × 10–13
ALM	FGF19	IVW	-0.038	0.028	0.964(0.913- 1.018)	0.188
FGF19	KOA	IVW	0.076	0.034	1.079(1.010- 1.153)	0.025
ALM	KOA	IVW	0.184	0.025	1.202(1.145- 1.262)	1.18 × 10–13
ALM	LAP-TGF-β1	IVW	-0.014	0.028	0.988(0.934- 1.041)	0.602
LAP-TGF-β1	KOA	IVW	-0.176	0.050	0.839(0.761- 0.924)	3.89 × 10–4
ALM	KOA	IVW	0.184	0.025	1.202(1.145- 1.262)	1.18 × 10–13
ALM	LIFR	IVW	0.058	0.030	1.060(0.999- 1.126)	0.055
LIFR	KOA	IVW	-0.069	0.028	0.933(0.883- 0.985)	0.013

KOA Knee osteoarthritis, ALM Appendicular lean mass, BMI Body mass index, IVW Inverse variance weighting, CCL23 C–C motif chemokine 23 levels, FGF19 Fibroblast growth factor 19 level, LAP-TGF-β1 Latency-associated peptide transforming growth factor β 1 levels, LIFR Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor levels