Table 4.
Comparison of maternal pSS with different fetal outcomes
| Normal pregnancy (n=68) |
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (n=96) | t/χ2 | P value | Fetal survival (n=128) |
Fetal loss* (n=32) | t/χ2 | P value | |
| Age (years)† | 31.47±4.06 | 32.33±4.86 | −1.235 | 0.219 | 32.02±4.23 | 31.75±5.73 | 0.303 | 0.762 |
| Course of disease (months)†‡ | 40.83±33.70 | 41.97±42.04 | −0.863 | 0.179 | 42.96±38.96 | 30.24±29.06 | 1.591 | 0.114 |
| pSS diagnosed before pregnancy§ | 57 (83.82%) | 82 (85.42%) | 0.078 | 0.780 | 108 (84.38%) | 27 (84.38%) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| History of miscarriage§ | 45 (66.18%) | 55 (57.29%) | 1.321 | 0.251 | 77 (60.16%) | 17 (53.13%) | 0.522 | 0.470 |
| ART conception§ | 14 (20.59%) | 23 (23.96%) | 0.259 | 0.611 | 30 (23.43%) | 7 (21.88%) | 0.035 | 0.851 |
| Accompany diseases during pregnancy§ | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 1 (1.47%) | 5 (5.21%) | 0.695 | 0.404 | 6 (4.69%) | 0 (0%) | 0.530 | 0.466 |
| Diabetes | 7 (10.29%) | 11 (11.46%) | 0.055 | 0.814 | 15 (11.72%) | 2 (6.25%) | 0.333 | 0.564 |
| Thyroid disease | 17 (25.00%) | 21 (21.88%) | 0.218 | 0.640 | 33 (25.78%) | 4 (12.50%) | 2.540 | 0.111 |
| Viral hepatitis B | 1 (1.47%) | 0 (0%) | / | 0.415 | 1 (0.78%) | 0 (3.13%) | / | 1.000 |
| Pregnancy medicine§ | ||||||||
| GC | 47 (69.12%) | 76 (79.17%) | 2.144 | 0.143 | 99 (77.34%) | 22 (68.75%) | 1.026 | 0.311 |
| HCQ | 48 (70.59%) | 69 (71.88%) | 0.015 | 0.902 | 96 (75.00%) | 19 (59.38%) | 3.092 | 0.079 |
| CyA | 1 (1.47%) | 8 (8.33%) | 2.412 | 0.120 | 6 (4.69%) | 3 (9.38%) | 0.361 | 0.548 |
| LMWH | 26 (38.24%) | 31 (32.29%) | 0.620 | 0.431 | 51 (39.84%) | 6 (18.75%) | 4.967 | 0.026 |
| ASA | 36 (52.94%) | 42 (43.75%) | 1.348 | 0.246 | 68 (53.13%) | 10 (31.25%) | 4.903 | 0.027 |
| Serological indicators† ¶ | ||||||||
| C3 (before pregnancy) | 1.11±0.20 (23/68) | 1.02±0.16 (43/96) | 1.877 | 0.065 | 1.06±0.17 (47/128) | 1.01±0.18 (15/32) | 0.919 | 0.362 |
| Low C3 level (before pregnancy) (<0.9 g/L) | 4/23 (17.40%) | 8/43 (18.60%) | 0.000 | 1.000 | 8/47 (17.02%) | 3/15 (9.38%) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| C4 (before pregnancy) | 0.25±0.08 (23/68) | 0.22±0.06 (43/96) | 1.235 | 0.221 | 0.23±0.08 (47/128) | 0.24±0.05 (15/32) | −0.364 | 0.717 |
| Low C4 level (<0.1 g/L) | 0/23 (0%) | 0/43 (0%) | 0/47 (0%) | 0/15 (0%) | ||||
| C3 (late pregnancy**) | 1.29±0.23 (27/68) | 1.21±0.21 (36/96) | 1.458 | 0.150 | ||||
| Low C3 level (late pregnancy**) (<0.9 g/L) | 4/27 (14.81%) | 1/36 (2.78%) | 1.634 | 0.201 | ||||
| C4 (late pregnancy**) | 0.27±0.08 (27/68) | 0.21±0.06 (36/96) | 3.003 | 0.004 | ||||
| Low C4 level (<0.1 g/L) | 0/27 (0%) | 1/36 (2.7%) | / | 1.000 | ||||
| Autoantibody§ | ||||||||
| Anti-Ro52 | 57/64 (89.06%) | 79/94 (84.4%) | 0.801 | 0.371 | 105/122 (86.07%) | 27/32 (84.38%) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Anti-Ro60 | 56/64 (87.50%) | 78/94 (82.98%) | 0.604 | 0.437 | 105/122 (86.07%) | 25/32 (78.13%) | 0.686 | 0.407 |
| Anti-LA | 30/64 (46.88%) | 37/94 (39.36%) | 0.880 | 0.348 | 52/122 (42.62%) | 12/32 (37.50%) | 0.274 | 0.601 |
| APL | 1/30 (3.33%) | 10/53 (18.87%) | 2.783 | 0.095 | 9/60 (15.00%) | 2/21 (9.52%) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Data are mean±SD, n (%) or n/N (%). For variables with missing data, denominators are reported.
*Adjusted data after excluding ectopic pregnancies and hydatidiform moles.
†Mean±SD.
‡Patients diagnosed during pregnancy were not included.
§Number with the percentages between brackets.
¶There was data loss.
**After 28 weeks of pregnancy.
APL, antiphospholipid antibody; ART, assisted reproductive technology; ASA, aspirin; CyA, ciclosporin A; GC, glucocorticoid; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; n, number of deliveries; pSS, primary Sjögren’s syndrome.