Table 3.

Mean and Variability of Achievement and Learning Rates, in 1998–2000.

	Mean	Total SD	School Level				Child Level
			SD	Correlations			SD	Correlations
				Initial	Kindergarten	Summer		Initial	Kindergarten	Summer
Reading
Initial points	−.45*** (.019)	1.08*** (.017)	.52*** (.015)				.95*** (.006)
Points per month, kindergarten	.19*** (.001)	.09*** (.001)	.04*** (.001)	−.34***			.08*** (.001)	−.50***
Points per month, summer	.00 (.004)	.13*** (.005)	.05*** (.004)	.26***	−.69***		.12*** (.003)	.16***	−.33***
Points per month, first grade	.18*** (.001)	.06*** (.002)	.03*** (.001)	−.41***	−.09	−.14	.06*** (.001)	−.32***	−.07***	−.24***
Contrast: Summer minus school year average	−.17*** (.004)	.06*** (.005)	.02*** (.004)				.05*** (.003)
Math
Initial points	−.45*** (.019)	1.04*** (.016)	.51*** (.015)				.91*** (.006)
Points per month, kindergarten	.17*** (.001)	.07*** (.001)	.03*** (.001)	−.35***			.06*** (.001)	−.45***
Points per month, summer	.05*** (.004)	.15*** (.006)	.06*** (.004)	.11	−.62***		.13*** (.004)	.12***	−.37***
Points per month, first grade	.15*** (.001)	.06*** (.001)	.02*** (.001)	−.44***	.15*	−.37***	.05*** (.001)	−.31***	.03	−.37***
Contrast: Summer minus school year average	−.10*** (.005)	.07*** (.006)	.03*** (.004)				.07*** (.004)

Note: At both the school level and the child level, learning rates have twice the SD during the summer as the school years. Initial achievement is positively correlated with summer learning but negatively correlated with school year learning. All these patterns are consistent with the idea that schools equalize and summers disequalize.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001. Standard errors in parentheses.