Table 4.
Mean and Variability of Achievement and Learning Rates, in 2010–2013.
| Mean | Total SD | School Level | Child Level | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||
| SD | Correlations |
SD | Correlations |
|||||||||||
| Initial | Kindergarten | Summer 1 | First Grade | Summer 2 | Initial | Kindergarten | Summer 1 | First Grade | Summer 2 | |||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Reading | ||||||||||||||
| Initial points | −.31*** (.018) | 1.04*** (.016) | .47*** (.015) | .93*** (.006) | ||||||||||
| Points per month | ||||||||||||||
| Kindergarten | .20*** (.002) | .09*** (.002) | .04*** (.001) | −.52*** | .08*** (.001) | −.50*** | ||||||||
| Summer 1 | −.01* (.005) | .17***(.006) | .10***(.005) | .19** | −.72* ** | .15*** (.004) | .24*** | −.55*** | ||||||
| First grade | .13*** (.002) | .05*** (.002) | .02*** (.002). | −.08 | .06 | −.38*** | .05*** (.001) | −.28*** | .06* | −.21 *** | ||||
| Summer 2 | −.02*** (.003) | .09*** (.006) | .04*** (.004) | −.27** | −.17 | .47*** | −.65*** | .08*** (.004) | −.26*** | −.15*** | .06 | −.35*** | ||
| Second grade | .07*** (.001) | .03*** (.002) | .01*** (.001) | −.25* | .04 | −.22 | .38** | −.19 | .02*** (.001) | −.23*** | .06 | −.25*** | .05 | .09 |
| Contrast: Summer average minus school year average | −.15*** (.004) | .11*** (.004) | .06*** (.003) | .08*** (.003) | ||||||||||
| Mean | Total SD | School Level | Child Level | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||
| SD | Correlations |
SD | Correlations |
|||||||||||
| Initial | Kindergarten | Summer 1 | First Grade | Summer 2 | Initial | Kindergarten | Summer 1 | First Grade | Summer 2 | |||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Math | ||||||||||||||
| Initial points | −.27*** (.019) | 1.06*** (.016) | .48*** (.015) | .94*** (.006) | ||||||||||
| Points per month | .17*** (.001) | .07*** (.001) | .04*** (.001) | −.64*** | .07*** (.001) | −.64*** | ||||||||
| Kindergarten | ||||||||||||||
| Summer 1 | .03*** (.005) | .16*** (.007) | .09*** (.005) | .24*** | −.54*** | .13*** (.004) | .37*** | −.5*** | ||||||
| First grade | .12*** (.002) | .05*** (.002) | .02*** (.002) | .14 | −.15 | −.4*** | .04*** (.001) | −.04 | .02 − | .29*** | ||||
| Summer 2 | −.02*** (.004) | .11*** (.006) | .04*** (.005) | 0 | −.13 | .43*** | −.61*** | .10*** (.004) | −.03 | .08* | −.21*** | −.39*** | ||
| Second grade | .09*** (.001) | .04*** (.002) | .02*** (.002) | −.24** | .18* | −.26* | .04 | −.19 | .03*** (.001) | −.22*** | .08* | −.07 | −.06 | −.23** |
| Contrast: Summer average minus school year average | −.12*** (.005) | .09*** (.005) | .06*** (.004) | .07*** (.003) | ||||||||||
Note: Learning rates have over twice the SD during summers as during the school years. Initial achievement is positively correlated with kindergarten learning rates but negatively correlated with learning during summer 1. These patterns are consistent with the idea that schools equalize and summers disequalize. After Summer 1, though, the pattern of correlations is not as clear.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001. Standard errors in parentheses.