Table 5.
Coefficients from Conditional Growth Model.
| Reading |
Math |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998–2000 |
2010–2013 |
1998–2000 |
2010–2013 |
|||||
| Coefficient | (SE) | Coefficient | (SE) | Coefficient | (SE) | Coefficient | (SE) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Initial points | ||||||||
| Reference group | −.47 | (.02) | −.32 | (.02) | −.36 | (.02) | −.32 | (.02) |
| SES | .39*** | (.01) | .39*** | (.01) | .37*** | (.01) | .38*** | (.01) |
| Black | −.17*** | (.03) | −.10*** | (.03) | −.33*** | (.03) | −.29*** | (.03) |
| Hispanic | −.33*** | (.03) | −.24*** | (.02) | −.36*** | (.03) | −.36*** | (.02) |
| Asian | .02 | (.04) | .17*** | (.03) | −.03 | (.04) | .13*** | (.03) |
| Native American | .48*** | (.07) | −.19* | (.09) | −.52*** | (.07) | −.28** | (.09) |
| Mixed race | −.10 | (.05) | .08* | (.04) | −.16*** | (.05) | .01 | (.04) |
| Female | .17*** | (.02) | .12*** | (.02) | .02 | (.02) | .01 | (.02) |
| R2 (percentage) | 23 | 22 | 23 | 23 | ||||
| Points per month, kindergarten | ||||||||
| Reference group | .18*** | (.002) | .20*** | (.002) | .17*** | (.002) | .17*** | (.002) |
| SES | −.008*** | (.001) | −.010*** | (.001) | −.007*** | (.001) | −.013*** | (.001) |
| Black | −.010*** | (.003) | .011*** | (.003) | −.011*** | (.003) | −.006* | (.003) |
| Hispanic | .014*** | (.003) | .004 | (.003) | .009** | (.003) | .019*** | (.002) |
| Asian | .006 | (.004) | .000 | (.004) | −.002 | (.004) | −.006 | (.003) |
| Native American | .016* | (.007) | −.010 | (.010) | .026*** | (.007) | .018* | (.009) |
| Mixed race | .008 | (.005) | −.004 | (.004) | −.002 | (.005) | −.004 | (.004) |
| Female | .004* | (.002) | .004* | (.002) | −.004* | (.002) | .000 | (.002) |
| R2 (percentage) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | ||||
| Points per month, Summer 1 | ||||||||
| Reference group | .00 | (.005) | −.02** | (.007) | .04*** | (.006) | .06*** | (.007) |
| SES | .012*** | (.003) | .007* | (.004) | .004 | (.003) | .022*** | (.004) |
| Black | .014 | (.009) | .022 | (.012) | .011 | (.010) | −.007 | (.013) |
| Hispanic | −.004 | (.008) | .020* | (.009) | −.007 | (.009) | −.035*** | (.009) |
| Asian | .018 | (.011) | .036** | (.013) | .033** | (.012) | −.030* | (.013) |
| Native American | −.044* | (.019) | .032 | (.026) | −.054* | (.022) | −.034 | (.026) |
| Mixed race | .006 | (.014) | .005 | (.015) | .004 | (.016) | −.013 | (.015) |
| Female | .004 | (.005) | −.008 | (.006) | .002 | (.006) | −.018** | (.006) |
| R2 (percentage) | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9 | ||||
| Points per month, first grade | ||||||||
| Reference group | .18*** | (.002) | .13*** | (.002) | .15*** | (.002) | .12*** | (.003) |
| SES | −.008*** | (.001) | .000 | (.001) | −.004*** | (.001) | .000 | (.001) |
| Black | −.002 | (.003) | −.007 | (.004) | .000 | (.003) | −.015*** | (.004) |
| Hispanic | .004 | (.003) | −.006* | (.003) | .011** | (.003) | −.002 | (.003) |
| Asian | −.004 | (.004) | −.016*** | (.004) | −.013** | (.004) | .010* | (.005) |
| Native American | .006 | (.007) | .002 | (.009) | .011 | (.008) | .013 | (.009) |
| Mixed race | .000 | (.005) | −.005 | (.005) | .002 | (.005) | −.001 | (.005) |
| Female | −.004** | (.002) | .006*** | (.002) | −.004* | (.002) | −.006** | (.002) |
| R2 (percentage) | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||||
| Points per month, Summer 2 | ||||||||
| Reference group | −.02** | (.005) | −.02* | (.006) | ||||
| SES | −.017*** | (.003) | −.007 | (.003) | ||||
| Black | .006 | (.010) | .021 | (.011) | ||||
| Hispanic | .011 | (.007) | −.003 | (.008) | ||||
| Asian | .004 | (.010) | .007 | (.012) | ||||
| Native American | .016 | (.020) | −.019 | (.023) | ||||
| Mixed race | .001 | (.013) | .009 | (.015) | ||||
| Female | −.007 | (.005) | .000 | (.006) | ||||
| R2 (percentage) | 6 | 6 | ||||||
| Points per month, second grade | ||||||||
| Reference group | .07*** | (.002) | .09*** | (.002) | ||||
| SES | .000 | (.001) | −.001 | (.001) | ||||
| Black | −.001 | (.003) | −.007 | (.004) | ||||
| Hispanic | .001 | (.002) | .008** | (.003) | ||||
| Asian | −.010** | (.003) | .007 | (.004) | ||||
| Native American | −.007 | (.007) | .001 | (.008) | ||||
| Mixed race | .000 | (.004) | .000 | (.005) | ||||
| Female | −.001 | (.002) | −.001 | (.002) | ||||
| R2 (percentage) | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Note: SEs are robust. SES = socioeconomic status.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.