. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 30.

Published in final edited form as: Sociol Educ. 2018 Sep 27;91(4):323–357. doi: 10.1177/0038040718801760

Table 6.

Contrasts of Summer Versus School Year Gap Growth in Grades K–1.

Gap	1998–2000		2010–2013
Gap	Contrast (SE)	Gap Grows Faster (shrinks slower) in	Contrast (SE)	Gap Grows Faster (shrinks slower) in

Reading
SES	.020^*** (.002)	Summer	.013^** (.004)	Summer
Black-white	.022^* (.005)	School	.031^* (.013)	School
Hispanic-white	−.012 (.005)	NS	.022^* (.009)	School
Asian-white	.018 (.007)	NS	.043^** (.012)	Summer
Native-white	−.056^* (.011)	Summer	.036 (.022)	NS
Female-male	.004 (.003)	NS	−.014⁺ (.006)	School
Math
SES	.009^** (.004)	Summer	.028^*** (.005)	Summer
Black-white	.015 (.012)	NS	.002 (.015)	NS
Hispanic-white	−.015 (.012)	NS	−.043^*** (.011)	Summer
Asian-white	.041^** (.013)	School	−.032^* (.017)	School
Native-white	−.072^** (.028)	Summer	−.049⁺ (.026)	Summer
Female-male	.007 (.006)	NS	−.015^* (.007)	School

Note: SES = socioeconomic status.

⁺

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.