TABLE 2.
Occupational lifting and back and/or pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy
| Author, Year | Design | Overall | Exposure Assessment | Lifting Exposure | Effect | Effect Size | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Utility | Frequency | Timing | Reference | Categories | Measure | (95% CI) | |||
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| Caputo, 202136 | Cross-sectional | ++ | 1 | Retrospective (at delivery) | Never have to lift heavy items | Heavy lifting | LBP during pregnancy (0, 1) | ||
| Rarely Sometimes Often Always | Adj OR | 0.83 (0.54, 1.27) 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) 1.37 (0.94, 2.00) 1.39 (1.01, 1.93) |
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| Heavy lifting | LBP severity during pregnancy (0–10, no pain to highest pain) | ||||||||
| Rarely Sometimes Often Always | Adj MD | 0.53 (−0.25, 1.31) −0.19 (−0.63, 0.25) 0.81 (0.18, 1.44) 0.92 (0.39, 1.44) |
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| Larsen, 201326 | Prospective cohort | +++ | 1 | 12–16 GW | Not defined; assumed no lifting and lifting ≤10 kg | Heavy lifting | Functionally limiting PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) | ||
| Any >11 kg Cumulativea 15–100 kg 101–200 kg 201–500 kg 501–1k kg >1000 kg |
Adj OR Adj OR |
1.18 (1.12–1.25) 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) 1.21 (1.09, 1.34) 1.45 (1.31, 1.60) 1.45 (1.23, 1.72) 1.31 (1.02, 1.69) |
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| Juhl, 200535 | Case-control | + | 1 | 12–16 GW | Reported ‘no,’ but assumed ≤10 kg | Heavy lifting | Functionally limiting PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) | ||
| 11–20 kg >20 kg |
Adj OR | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) 1.14 (0.86, 1.50) |
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| Larsen, 199930 | Prospective cohort | + | 1 | 16 GW | Not defined; assumed no lifting and lifting ≤10 kg | >10 kg | cOR Adj P value |
1.90 (1.41, 2.56)b NS |
Functionally limiting PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) |
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| Endresen, 199538 | Cross-sectional | + | 1 | Retrospective (at delivery) | Not defined; assumed no lifting and lifting <10 kg | Frequent lifting 10–20 kg | Adj β | 0.060 (2.18)c | LBP/PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) |
Adj, adjusted; CI, confidence interval; cOR, crude odds ratio; GW, gestational weeks; JEM, Job Exposure Matrix; kg, kilograms; LBP, low back pain; LBP/PGP, low back and pelvic girdle pain combined; MD, mean difference; NS, not statistically significant; OR, odds ratio; PGP, pelvic girdle pain; (0, 1), binary outcome (no, yes).
For self-reported cumulative total lifting per day, a positive exposure-response relationship was observed (P-value for trend <0.0001). For JEM-derived cumulative total lifting per day, an exposure-response relationship was not observed (P-value for trend <0.0918);
Effect size and 95% CI was computed from the proportion of exposed participants with and without pelvic girdle relaxation (Table 1);36
Numeric value reported in parentheses, t (significance test).