TABLE 3.
Occupational postural load and back and/or pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy or postpartum
| Author, Year | Design | Overall | Exposure Assessment | Postural Definition | Effect measure | Effect Size | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Utility | Freq | Timing | Reference | Categories | (95% CI) | ||||
|
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| Caputo, 202136 | Cross-sectional | ++ | 1 | Retrospective (at delivery) | Not defined | Mean hours standing | Adj OR Adj MD |
1.03 (0.99, 1.06) 0.05 (−0.003, 0.10) |
LBP during pregnancy (0, 1) LBP severity during pregnancy (0–10) |
|
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| Stomp-van den Berg, 201227 | Prospective cohort | ++ | 1 | 30 GW | Mainly sitting Not defined |
Standing or mixed standing/sitting Uncomfortable posture (NOS) |
cOR Adj OR |
1.14 (0.73, 1.80) 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) |
Postpartum PGP 12 weeks after delivery |
|
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| To, 200329 | Prospective cohort | 0 | 1 | Retrospective, within 3 days postnatal | Not defined Stand<4h/day walk<4 h/day |
Static posture Standing >4 h/day Walking >4 h/day |
cORs | 1.47 (0.75–2.87) 2.40 (0.89–6.43) 3.47 (0.79–15.10) |
Back pain during pregnancy |
|
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| Cheng, 200937 | Cross-sectional | 0 | 2 | 20 and 34 GW | Less time walking |
A lot of work time: Walking (1–7) |
Correlation coefficient | −0.071 (20 GW) | Functionally limiting back pain at 20 and at 34 GW (0–10) |
| Less time standing | Standing (1–7) | −0.235 (34 GW) 0.006 (20 GW) −0.108 (34 GW) |
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| Juhl, 200535 | Case-control | + | 1 | 12–16 GW | Mostly sitting Mostly sitting |
Predominantly standing or walking Mix of sitting, standing, and walking |
Adj OR | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) 1.02 (0.83, 1.25) |
Functionally limiting PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) |
|
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| Larsen, 199930 | Prospective cohort | + | 1 | 16 GW | Not defined | Uncomfortable posture (NOS) | Adj OR | 1.65 (1.10, 2.48) | Functionally limiting PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) |
|
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| Endresen, 199538 | Cross-sectional | + | 1 | Retrospective (at delivery) | Not defined | Hourly twist & bend Work > shoulder Bending forward Standing, walking |
Adj β | 0.069 (2.13) 0.064 (3.23) 0.046 (3.09) NS (NR) |
LBP/PGP during pregnancy (0, 1) LBP (0, 1) |
Adj, adjusted; CI, confidence interval; cOR, crude odds ratio; Freq, frequency; GW, gestational weeks; h, hours; LBP, low back pain; LBP/PGP, low back and pelvic girdle pain combined; NOS, not otherwise specified; NR, not reported; NS, not statistically significant; OR, odds ratio; PGP, pelvic girdle pain; (0, 1), outcome (no, yes).