Table 2.

Initial diagnosis, method of diagnosis, and types of mimics.

Author	Initial diagnosis	Method of diagnosis	Mimic type
Diogo Costa et al. 5	nm	nm	31% autoimmune encephalitis,2% anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis66% non-autoimmune encephalitis
Flanagan et al. 12	nm	16% biopsy,2.8% genetic testing,1.8% infectious testing,84.1% laboratory testing and imaging	nm
Budhram et al. 13	autoimmune encephalitis	VDRL test	autoimmune encephalitis
Thomas et al. 14	anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis	biopsy	limbic encephalitis
Zuhorn et al. 15	autoimmune encephalitis	biopsy	autoimmune encephalitis with CASPR2 antibodies
Lu et al. 16	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	surgical biopsy of the right parietal lesion	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Van Steenhoven et al. 18	nm	brain MRI suggestive of AIE, CSF pleocytosis, specific oligoclonal bands in CSF, repeated steroid responsiveness, or similar staining pattern on IHC in serum and CSF in the absence of a known neuronal autoantibody	nm
AbdeleRahman et al. 19	mesial temporal encephalitis	VDRL	mesial temporal encephalitis
Vogrig et al. 20	antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis	brain biopsy	antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis
	autoimmune encephalitis	brain biopsy	autoimmune encephalitis
	HSV and autoimmune encephalitis	brain biopsy	autoimmune encephalitis
	autoimmune encephalitis	brain biopsy	autoimmune encephalitis
	nm	brain biopsy	nm
	nm	brain biopsy	nm
Macchia et al. 21	autoimmune limbic encephalitis	MRI	autoimmune limbic encephalitis
Badruddin et al. 25	their DDX: HSV encephalitis – limbic encephalitis – Morvan syndrome	clinical history	autoimmune-mediated limbic encephalitis
Devamare et al. 26	viral encephalitis and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	nm	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Garg et al. 27	autoimmune encephalitis	nm	autoimmune encephalitis
Harsha et al. 28	autoimmune encephalitis and paroxysmal kinesiogenic dyskinesia	clinical history	autoimmune encephalitis
Poon et al. 29	autoimmune, infectious encephalitis	morning cortisol	autoimmune encephalitis or infectious encephalitis
Rigoni et al. 30	autoimmune encephalitis	biopsy	autoimmune encephalitis
Wiels et al. 31	progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus with anti-glycine receptor antibodies	biopsy	progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus
Nagata et al. 32	limbic encephalitis	neuropathological diagnosis	limbic encephalitis
M Khair et al. 33	autoimmune encephalitis	by the diagnostic criteria of common variable immunodeficiency	autoimmune encephalitis
Serrano-Cardenas et al. 34	mesial encephalitis	microbiological studies	mesial encephalitis
Blondin et al. 35	limbic encephalitis	CT, MRI, histological analysis	limbic encephalitis
Scheid et al. 36	paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis	VDRL test	paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
Deramecourt et al. 37	paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with pure cognitive impairment	MRI and stereotactic biopsies	paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
Piola et al. 38	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	CT scan, surgical monitoring of intracranial pressure, brain angiography, and autopsy	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Liao et al. 39	anti-LGI1 encephalitis	rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination	anti-LGI1 encephalitis
Gajurel et al. 40	autoimmune encephalitis	lip biopsy for mucosal lymphocytic infiltrates	autoimmune encephalitis
Kimura et al. 41	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	clinically	anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Consoli et al. 42	acute disseminated encephalomyelitis	brain biopsy	acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
	rhombencephalitis	brain biopsy	rhombencephalitis

DDX, differential diagnosis; HSV, herpes simplex virus; VDRL, venereal disease research laboratory; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; nm, not mentioned; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; AIE, autoimmune encephalitis; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IHC, immunohistochemistry.