Fig. 4.

Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) attenuates ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice and NRK-52E cells. (A) 4-Hydroxynenenal (4-HNE) staining in mice kidney tissues (original magnification ×200; scale bar, 100 μm; arrows, 4-HNE positive areas). (B) Nitrotyrosine (NT) staining in mice kidney tissues (original magnification ×100; scale bar, 50 μm; arrows, NT positive areas). (C) Inflammatory markers in mice. (D) Inflammatory markers in NRK-52E with or without DCA. (E) Inflammatory markers in NRK-52E cells infected with adenoviral short hairpin RNA targeting green fluorescent protein (shGFP) or small hairpin pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (shPDK4). Data are the mean±standard error of the mean. STZ, streptozotocin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; HR, hypoxia-reoxygenation. ^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01 vs. Control, ^cP<0.05, ^dP<0.01 vs. STZ+IR, ^eP<0.05, ^fP<0.01 vs. HR, ^gP<0.05, ^hP<0.01 vs. shGFP, ⁱP<0.05, ^jP<0.01 vs. HR+shGFP.