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. 2024 May 31;17:118. doi: 10.1186/s13048-024-01427-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Changes in oocyte lipid metabolism-related substances. Oocytes acquire free fatty acids from follicular fluid and the interstitial space connected to cumulus cells, and they can also synthesize fatty acids internally. Fatty acids (FAs) are transported into oocytes through fatty acid translocase (CD36), fatty acid transport protein (FATP), or other mechanisms. They are carried by fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) and converted into fatty acyl-CoA. CD36 and FABP3 are upregulated in oocytes in an age-related manner. Fatty acyl-CoA is used for the synthesis of structural lipids or lipid storage, or it can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) through the fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) pathway. The carnitine system facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-CoA into mitochondria, which involves the participation of carnitine. Carnitine shows an age-related decline in oocytes. 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (ACAA) and enoyl-CoA hydratase 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH) are important proteins involved in FAO, and they also exhibit an age-related decline in oocytes. Additionally, diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is an important protein for cellular fatty acid synthesis, and it is upregulated in oocytes in an age-related manner