Table 2.
Details of the included studies.
| S. No. | Authors | Coverage | Mode | Study Design | Study Community | Survey Duration | Age/years | Sample Size, n | Female % | Vaccine Acceptance/Hesitancy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Sharun et al. 2020 [31] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | Oct − 2020 | Majority: 18–29 (73.5%) | 351 | 41.9 | Hesitancy rate = 13.7% |
| 2. | Gautam et al. 2020 [32] | West Bengal | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | Oct – Nov 2020 | NA | 1078 | NA | Acceptance rate = 77.27% |
| 3. | Leelawathy et al. 2021 [33] | Kerala | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | January 16 – February 22 2021 | Majority:18–29 (59.1%) | 1345 | 54.4 | Acceptance rate = 88.2% |
| 4. | Ain et al. 2021 [34] | Kashmir | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 17–27 Dec 2020 | Majority: ≤30 (66.7%) | 487 | 55.2 | Acceptance rate = 46% |
| 5. | Kumar et al. 2021 [35] | Uttarakhand | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | 2 months | 34.03 ± 12.68 years | 841 | 48.5 | Acceptance rate = 53.4% |
| 6. | Anandraj et al. 2021 [36] | Puducherry | Off-line | Longitudinal | General | March 2021 – round-1 May 2021 – round-2 | Majority: Round 1: <45 (51.6%); Round 2: <45 (51.9%) | 861 | 62.6 | Hesitancy rate = 27.8% in round-1 to 32.7% in round-2 |
| 7. | Ekstrand et al. 2021 [37] | Karnataka | Online | Longitudinal | Patients | 18 Jan − 19 Feb 2021 | Median = 39.5 years | 438 | 51.6 | Hesitancy rate = 38.4% |
| 8. | Uvais, 2021 [38] | Kerala | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Patients | March 29–21 April 2021 | Majority:26–60 (80%) | 90 | 58.9 | Hesitancy rate = 37.8% |
| 9. | Umakanthan et al. 2021 [39] | Multi-state | Online | Longitudinal | General | Feb – May 2021 | 46.64 ± 14.3 years | 3000 | 100 | Hesitancy rate = 59% |
| 10. | Chandani et al. 2021 [40] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | Dec − 2020 | Majority:18–24 (46%) | 1638 | 45 | Hesitancy rate = 37% |
| 11. | Kishore et al. 2021 [41] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | October 26 – November 10 2020 | Majority:21–40 (52.5%) | 270 | NA | Willingness rate = 68.8% |
| 12. | Danabal et al. 2021 [42] | Tamil Nadu | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | NA | Majority:18–45 (68.6%) | 564 | 62.9 | Hesitancy rate = 40.7% |
| 13. | Gaur et al. 2021 [43] | Gujarat | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Patients | March 22 t – April 22 2021 | 47 ± 13 years | 382 | NA | Acceptance rate = 54% (Patients) and 67% (Controls) |
| 14. | Jacob et al. 2021 [44] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 2–14 Jan 2021 | Majority:18–24 (49.65%) | 2032 | 62.5 | Acceptance rate = 78.6% |
| 15. | Kumari et al. 2021 [45] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 13–25 March 2021 | 38.02 ± 13.34 years | 1294 | 41.6 | Acceptance rate = 83.6 % |
| 16. | Islam et al. 2021 [46] | Delhi | Dual Mode | Cross-Sectional | General | July – Oct 2020 | Majority: Middle-aged 41.7% | 513 | 48.3 | Acceptance rate = 79.5% |
| 17. | Bharadwaj et al. 2021 [47] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | NA | NA | 754 | NA | Hesitancy rate = 53.9% |
| 18. | Shah et al. 2021 [48] | Gujarat | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | Jan − 2021 | 18 years and above | 25 | NA | Willingness rate = 72% |
| 19. | Bhondve et al. 2021 [49] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | NA | Median = 43 (26) | 363 | 43.3 | Hesitancy rate = 51.2% |
| 20. | Bhangale et al. 2021 [50] | Maharashtra | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | February 20– March 15 2021 | 18 years and above | 772 | 40.7 | Hesitancy rate = 22.5% |
| 21. | Goruntla et al. 2021 [51] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 5–20 Oct 2020 | Majority: 20–29 (56.06%) | 2451 | 39.9 | Acceptance rate = 89.3% |
| 22. | Suresh et al. 2021 [52] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 1–15 Feb 2021 | Majority: 18–29 (74.6%) | 357 | 48.3 | Acceptance rate = 70% |
| 23. | Dabas et al. 2021 [53] | Kerala | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | April – May 2021 | Majority: ≤ 25 (64.5%) | 155 | 54.2 | Acceptance rate = 60% |
| 24. | Bansal et al. 2021 [54] | Multi-state | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | January 20 – February 28 2021 | Majority: 18–29 (66.9%) | 813 | 45.8 | Acceptance rate = 70.8% |
| 25. | Lazarus et al. 2021 [55] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | Jun − 2021 | Majority: 18–29 (24.2%) | 1000 | 48 | Acceptance rate = 78% |
| 26. | Raja et al. 2021 [56] | Tamil Nadu | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | Dec 2020 – Jan 2021 | Majority: 18–30 (40.7%) | 140 | 60.7 | Acceptance rate = 40% |
| 27. | Sharma et al. 2022 [57] | Delhi | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | September 24–14 Oct 2021 | Majority: 18–49 (72.4%) | 20312 | 59.3 | Acceptance rate = 67.7% |
| 28. | Parthasarathi et al. 2022 [58] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | Mid-Feb – March 2021 | Majority: 25–44 (39.3%) | 1582 | 40.3 | Willingness rate = 59.9% |
| 29. | Achrekar et al. 2022 [59] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 13 Dec 2021–10 Feb 2022 | 25.41 ± 9.1 years | 687 | 67.2 | Willingness rate = 50% |
| 30. | Gupta et al. 2022 [60] | Manipur | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Pregnant Women | Aug − 2021 | 28.3 ± 5.5 years | 163 | 100 | Hesitancy rate = 77.9% |
| 31. | Kuchi and Parida, 2022 [61] | Odisha | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Patients | May 25 – June 15 2021 | Majority: 18–30 (54.67%) | 450 | 42.9 | Hesitancy rate = 12.7% |
| 32. | Mohanasundaram et al. 2022 [62] | Tamil Nadu | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Patients | 15 Sept − 14 Oct 2021 | 47.5 ± 13.17 years | 2092 | 79.2 | Hesitancy rate = 52.69% |
| 33. | Dong et al. 2022 [63] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | January 29 – February 13 2021 | Majority: 26–30 (31.5%) | 406 | 40.9 | Acceptance rate = 82.5% |
| 34. | Joshi et al. 2022 [64] | Tamil Nadu | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | March-May 2021 | Majority: 25–54 (50%) | 3011 | 52 | Acceptance Rate = 46% |
| 35. | Romate et al. 2022 [65] | National | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | July – Sept 2021 | 18 years and above | 1006 | 63 | Willingness rate = 89% |
| 36. | Kusuma and Kant, 2022 [66] | Delhi | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | Sept 2020 –Jan 2021 | Majority: 30–39 (29.3%) | 1539 | 49.1 | Acceptance rate = 64.9% |
| 37. | Khan et al. 2022 [67] | Uttar Pradesh | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 1–30 May 2021 | Majority: 18–44 (86.2%) | 254 | 45.3 | Willingness rate = 86% |
| 38. | Khan et al. 2022 [68] | Kashmir | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | 10–20 Feb2021 | Majority: 30–50 (65.1%) | 835 | 19.5 | Willingness rate = 52.7% |
| 39. | Kumari et al. 2022 [69] | North India | Online | Cross-Sectional | Pregnant Women | Nov – Dec 2021 | 28.32 ± 4.62 years | 313 | 100 | Awareness related to eligibility for vaccination = 72.2% pregnant and 65.2% lactating women |
| 40. | Jetly et al. 2022 [70] | National | Dual Mode | Cross-Sectional | General | May 1–31 August 2021 | Majority: 18–40 (70.9%) | 2024 | 49.9 | Acceptance rate = 92.8 % |
| 41. | Bansal et al. 2022 [71] | Multi-state | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | 28 May − 15 2021 | NA | 1428 | NA | Acceptance rate = 66 % |
| 42. | Samanta et al. 2022 [72] | West Bengal | Online | Cross-Sectional | General | February 22– March 22 2021 | Majority: <25 (66.25 %) | 803 | 45.8 | Hesitancy Rate = 12.08% |
| 43. | Hawalader et al. 2022 [73] | National | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | 17 Jan −2 Feb 2021 | Majority: 26–35 (65.01%) | 2891 | 40.3 | Acceptance rate = 65.7% |
| 44. | Naqvi et al. 2022 [74] | National | Off-line | Cross-sectional | Pregnant Women | Feb – Nov 2021 | Majority: 20–35 (91.7%) | 2821 | 100 | Hesitancy Rate = 12.1 % |
| 45. | Mathew et al. 2022 [75] | South India | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | General | March-May 2021 | Majority: <40 (82.8%) | 742 | 48.5 | Hesitancy rate = 20.75% |
| 46. | Ganju et al. 2022 [76] | South India | Off-line | Cross-Sectional | Patients | January 1– June 30 2021 | 30–85 years | 178 | 43 | Vaccine uptake = 70% |