Fig. 2.

a) Taxonomy bar plot showing the top 20 microbiome profiles at the genus level, ranked by relative abundance, in control, severe, and critical patients. b) and c) Violin plot displaying the relative abundance of Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium genera. No significant differences were observed between severity groups. c) and d) Decrease in the relative abundance of Lawsonella and Cutibacterium genera in critical COVID-19 patients. Significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison, 95 % confidence interval, where ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001.