TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Coproduction and Control Variables (n = 657)
| Unweighted N | Weighted % | |
|---|---|---|
| Patient-centered care variables: | ||
| Invite patients into clinical decision-making processes | 139 | 23 |
| Clinical supervisors’ value on patient-centered care practices (mean ± SD) | −.1 ± .9 | |
| Peer coproduction variables: | ||
| Proportion of SwLE (mean ± SD) | 33.3 ± 29.5 | |
| Presence of any senior SwLE | 234 | 44 |
| SwLE possess equal or greater influence over strategic decisions, compared to staff without SUD history | 314 | 55 |
| Control variables: | ||
| Located in Medicaid expansion state | 472 | 70 |
| Total SUD patient admission in county (thousands) (mean ± SD) | 14.0 ± 22.6 | |
| Service modality: | ||
| OTP outpatient | 213 | 8 |
| Non-OTP outpatient | 290 | 66 |
| Inpatient | 46 | 4 |
| Residential | 108 | 21 |
| Ownership: | ||
| Private for-profit | 162 | 30 |
| Private nonprofit | 358 | 57 |
| Public | 90 | 13 |
| Proportion of revenue from Medicaid (mean ± SD) | 33.1 ± 33.3 | |
| Proportion of revenue from private/commercial insurance (mean ± SD) | 15.5 ± 23.6 | |
| Owned by hospital or mental health facility | 152 | 25 |
| Accredited (JC or CARF) | 377 | 53 |
| Director perceives high competition | 372 | 60 |
| Director’s reliance on professional information sources (mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± .7 | |
| Clinical supervisor endorses 12-step treatment model | 328 | 56 |
| Number of SUD treatment service clients (hundreds) (mean ± SD) | 5.6 ± 11.9 | |
| Proportion of racial/ethnic minority patients (mean ± SD) | 39.5 ± 31.1 | |
| Proportion of female patients (mean ± SD) | 41.3 ± 24.0 | |
| Proportion of alcohol use disorder clients (mean ± SD) | 49.7 ± 26.8 | |
| Proportion of opioid use disorder clients (mean ± SD) | 32.7 ± 32.3 | |
| Proportion of prescription opioid use disorder clients (mean ± SD) | 27.6 ± 25.4 | |
| Proportion of involuntary patients (mean ± SD) | 46.1 ± 34.8 | |
| Number of staff (full-time and part-time) (mean ± SD) | 21.7 ± 36.9 | |
| Proportion of staff with medical training (i.e., MD, RN) (mean ± SD) | 6.9 ± 12.5 | |
| Proportion of staff with nonmedical graduate degree (mean ± SD) | 32.1 ± 27.1 | |
| Average caseload for clinical staff (mean ± SD) | 30.4 ± 32.9 |
Note.—CARF = Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities; JC = Joint Commission; OTP = opioid treatment program; SUD = substance use disorder; SwLE = staff with lived experience.