Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical parameters
| Participants | 144 |
| Age category | |
| < 65 years [%] | 65.3 (n = 81/144) |
| ≥ 65 years [%] | 43.7 (n = 63/144) |
| Sex category | |
| Male [%] | 68.8 (n = 99/144) |
| Female [%] | 31.2 (n = 45/144) |
| Risk factors for severe COVID-19 | |
| Immunodeficiency* | 85.4 (n = 123/144) |
| Solid organ transplantation with drug immunosuppression** | 52.8 (n = 76/144) |
| Underlying haematological malignancies*** | 28.5 (n = 41/144) |
| Allogenic bone marrow transplantation with drug immunosuppression | 6.9 (n = 10/144) |
| Chronic variable immunodeficiency | 1.4 (n = 2/144) |
| HIV infection with CD4 + -cell count < 200/ µl | 1.4 (n = 2/144) |
| Rheumatological diseases/ collagenoses/ vasculitides | 3.5 (n = 5/144) |
| Solid cancer | 9.0 (n = 13/144) |
| Chronic heart failure | 9.7 (n = 14/144) |
| Coronary heart disease | 12.5 (n = 18/144) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 9.7 (n = 14/144) |
| Chronic liver disease | 13.9 (n = 20/144) |
| Chronic kidney failure | 12.5 (n = 18/144) |
| Dialysis | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 13.9 (n = 20/144) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15.3 (n = 22/144) |
| Obesity | 6.3 (n = 9/144) |
| Chronic inflammatory bowel disease | 2.1 (n = 3/144) |
| Chronic neurologic diseases | 9.7 (n = 14/144) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.1 (n = 3/144) |
| Chronic psychiatric diseases | 1.4 (n = 2/144) |
| SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status | |
| Basic vaccination plus first booster vaccination [%] | 72.9 (n = 105/144) |
| Not/partly vaccinated [%] | 18.8 (n = 27/144) |
| Not documented [%] | 8.3 (n = 12/144) |
| Variant of SARS-CoV-2 | |
| Omicron [%] | 58.3 (n = 84/144) |
| Delta [%] | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| No sequencing [%] | 41.0 (n = 59/144) |
| Therapeutical agents | |
| DAAs [absolute] | 192 |
| Remdesivir [%] | 57.3 (n = 110/192) |
| Molnupiravir [%] | 28.1 (n = 54/192) |
| Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir [%] | 14.6 (n = 28/192) |
| mABs [absolute] | 115 |
| Sotrovimab [%] | 74.8 (n = 86/115) |
| Tixagevimab/cilgavimab [%] | 23.5 (n = 27/115) |
| Casirivimab/imdevimab [%] | 1.7 (n = 2/115) |
| Days of treatment initiation after first positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 [median] | 0 (range: 0–56; IQR 0–1) |
| Combined therapy strategies | |
| 1 × DAA plus 1 × mAB [%] | 66.7 (n = 96/144) |
| Remdesivir + mAB [%] | 66.7 (n = 64/96) |
| Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir + mAB [%] | 19.8 (n = 19/96) |
| Molnupiravir + mAB [%] | 13.5 (n = 13/96) |
| 2 × DAAs [%] | 20.1 (n = 29/144) |
| Remdesivir + molnupiravir [%] | 79.3 (n = 23/29) |
| Remdesivir + nirmatrelvir/ritonavir [%] | 17.3 (n = 5/29) |
| Molnupiravir + nirmatrelvir/ritonavir [%] | 3.4 (n = 1/29) |
| 2 × DAAs plus 1 × mAB [%] | 13.2 (n = 19/144) |
| Remdesivir + molnupiravir + mAB [%] | 84.2 (n = 16/19) |
| Remdesivir + nirmatrelvir/ritonavir + mAB [%] | 10.5 (n = 2/19) |
| Molnupiravir + nirmatrelvir/ritonavir + mAB [%] | 5.3 (n = 1/19) |
| WHO ordinal clinical severity scale [median score] | 3 (range: 1–5; IQR: 3–3) |
| Complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection | |
| COVID-19 pneumonia [%] | 13.2 (n = 19/144) |
| Oxygen therapy by nasal or mask prongs [%] | 13.9 (n = 20/144) |
| Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen [%] | 1.4 (n = 2/144) |
| Additional therapy with dexamethasone [%] | 6.3 (n = 9/144) |
| Bacterial superinfection [%] | 8.3 (n = 12/144) |
| Temporary elevation of amino transferases [%] | 3.5 (n = 5/144) |
| Acute on chronic kidney failure [%] | 2.1 (n = 3/144) |
| Temporary renal transplant deterioration [%] | 1.4 (n = 2/144) |
| Hepatic encephalopathy [%] | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| Delirium [%] | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| Post COVID-19**** [%] | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| Delay of oncological therapy [%] | 12.2 (n = 5/41) |
| Possible treatment side effects | |
| Diarrhoea [%] | 2.1 (n = 3/144) |
| Nausea and vomiting [%] | 0.7 (n = 1/144) |
| SARS-CoV-2 RNA < 10^6 copies at day 21 after treatment initiation | |
| Yes [%] | 85.4 (n = 123/144) |
| No [%] | 14.6 (n = 21/144) |
| Days with SARS-CoV-2 RNA ≥ 10^6 copies | |
| All [median] | 8.0 (IQR 6.0–15.3) |
| Under 1 × DAA plus 1 × mAB [median] | 9.5 (IQR 6.0–14.0) |
| Under 2 × DAAs [median] | 8.0 (IQR 6.0–14.0) |
| Under 2 × DAAs plus 1 × mAB [median] | 6.0 (IQR 5.0–8.0) |
DAA direct acting antiviral, IQR interquartile range, mAB monoclonal antibody
*Suspected in patients with a medical history of organ transplantation or autoimmune disease with concomitant immunosuppressive therapy, with underlying haematological malignancies and/ or with uncontrolled HIV-infection (CD4+ cell count < 200/µl)
**kidney transplantation (75·0%; n = 57/76), heart transplantation (15·8%; n = 12/76), liver transplantation (4·0%; n = 3/76), kidney and heart transplantation (2·6%; n = 2/76), kidney and pancreas transplantation (1·3%; n = 1/76), lung transplantation (1·3%; n = 1/76)
***Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (36·6%; n = 15/41), acute myeloid leukaemia (26·8%; n = 11/41), multiple myeloma (9·8%; n = 4/41), myeloproliferative neoplasms (9·8%; n = 4/41), myelodysplastic syndromes (7·3%; n = 3/41), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (4·9; n = 2/41), undifferentiated leukaemia (2·4%; p = 1/41), aplastic anaemia (2·4%; p = 1/41)
****The rate might be higher as a follow-up time > 3 months was not given in all cases