Table 3.
Cross-sectional associations with the depressive symptom severity levels at baseline, within the sub-sample of participants with T2D at baseline
| Depressive symptoms (baseline) | p | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimal (n = 1487) | Mild (n = 215) | Moderate (n = 151) | Severe (n = 60) | |||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Men | 933 | 62.7 | 83 | 38.6 | 49 | 32.5 | 14 | 23.3 | 0.001* | |||||||
| Women | 554 | 37.3 | 132 | 61.4 | 102 | 67.5 | 46 | 76.7 | ||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Single | 77 | 5.2 | 11 | 5.1 | 6 | 4.0 | 7 | 11.7 | 0.003* | |||||||
| Married | 1177 | 79.2 | 149 | 69.3 | 113 | 74.8 | 40 | 66.7 | ||||||||
| Divorced-separated | 108 | 7.3 | 22 | 10.2 | 10 | 6.6 | 5 | 8.3 | ||||||||
| Widowed | 125 | 8.4 | 33 | 15.3 | 22 | 14.6 | 8 | 13.3 | ||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| Higher education | 326 | 21.9 | 35 | 16.4 | 24 | 15.9 | 3 | 5.0 | 0.001* | |||||||
| Secondary | 449 | 30.2 | 58 | 27.0 | 30 | 19.9 | 9 | 15.0 | ||||||||
| Primary | 705 | 47.4 | 120 | 55.8 | 96 | 63.6 | 48 | 80.0 | ||||||||
| Less than primary | 7 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||||||
| Employment | ||||||||||||||||
| Employed | 292 | 19.6 | 34 | 15.8 | 31 | 20.5 | 7 | 11.7 | 0.001* | |||||||
| Work at home | 170 | 11.4 | 42 | 19.5 | 35 | 23.2 | 18 | 30.0 | ||||||||
| Retired | 938 | 63.1 | 123 | 57.2 | 75 | 49.7 | 31 | 51.7 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 87 | 5.9 | 16 | 7.4 | 10 | 6.6 | 4 | 6.7 | ||||||||
| Weight status | ||||||||||||||||
| Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 390 | 26.2 | 49 | 22.8 | 33 | 21.9 | 6 | 10.0 | 0.001* | |||||||
| Obese I (BMI 30–35) | 734 | 49.4 | 105 | 48.8 | 62 | 41.1 | 31 | 51.7 | ||||||||
| Obesity II or more (BMI > 35) | 363 | 24.4 | 61 | 28.4 | 56 | 37.1 | 23 | 38.3 | ||||||||
| HbA1c | ||||||||||||||||
| Low-normal (< 7.0%) | 925 | 62.2 | 127 | 59.1 | 83 | 55.0 | 28 | 46.7 | 0.034* | |||||||
| High (≥ 7.0%) | 562 | 37.8 | 88 | 40.9 | 68 | 45.0 | 32 | 53.3 | ||||||||
| Insulin for T2D | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1289 | 86.7 | 174 | 80.9 | 121 | 80.1 | 39 | 65.0 | 0.001* | |||||||
| Yes | 198 | 13.3 | 41 | 19.1 | 30 | 19.9 | 21 | 35.0 | ||||||||
| Duration of T2D | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than 1 year | 133 | 8.9 | 17 | 7.9 | 11 | 7.3 | 5 | 8.3 | 0.980 | |||||||
| Between 1 and 5 years | 411 | 27.6 | 58 | 27.0 | 40 | 26.5 | 15 | 25.0 | ||||||||
| More than 5 years | 943 | 63.4 | 140 | 65.1 | 100 | 66.2 | 40 | 66.7 | ||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 180.4 | 35.9 | 187.8 | 39.3 | 181.9 | 40.3 | 185.9 | 45.1 | 0.040* |
| LDLc, mg/dl | 106.3 | 33.9 | 112.8 | 34.8 | 107.2 | 36.2 | 113.1 | 44.9 | 0.046* |
| HDLc, mg/dl | 45.2 | 11.1 | 47.3 | 11.9 | 46.4 | 10.5 | 48.4 | 11.8 | 0.010* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 158.5 | 76.5 | 156.4 | 71.5 | 155.5 | 63.1 | 156.6 | 83.1 | 0.951 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 138.0 | 34.1 | 136.6 | 33.7 | 139.8 | 37.4 | 150.6 | 37.3 | 0.035* |
| HbA1c, % | 6.83 | 0.93 | 6.86 | 0.92 | 7.00 | 0.95 | 7.26 | 1.01 | 0.002* |
| Insulin mcU/ml | 18.3 | 8.6 | 18.3 | 8.3 | 18.8 | 8.8 | 18.6 | 9.2 | 0.933 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142.2 | 17.8 | 140.0 | 17.1 | 140.1 | 16.9 | 144.6 | 20.2 | 0.113 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 81.0 | 10.3 | 80.1 | 9.9 | 80.1 | 10.6 | 78.9 | 10.9 | 0.246 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 109.6 | 9.3 | 108.3 | 9.4 | 109.6 | 8.9 | 109.9 | 11.1 | 0.256 |
P values are based on the difference between severity levels of baseline depressive symptoms (ANOVA for the continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables). HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDLc, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Depressive symptoms, BDI-II scores: minimal (0–13), mild (14–19), moderate (20–28), and severe (29 or high). HbA1c: low-normal (< 7%), high (≥ 7%)
*Bold: significant comparison