Table 3.
Promising clinical biomarkers for predicting and monitoring the progression of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection
| Category | Biomarker | Disease | Source | Number of patients (n) | Relation between biomarkers and TAA/D | Author, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matrix metalloproteinases | MMP-1 | TAA | Plasma | 125 |
Upregulated, (P = 0.031) |
Pasta S et al. [162] |
| MMP-2 | TAA | Plasma | 125 |
Upregulated, (P = 0.020) |
Pasta S et al.[162]; Sangiorgi G et al., 2006 | |
| MMP-3 | TAA | Plasma | 158 |
Upregulated, (P = 0.019) |
Thijssen CGE et al. [200] | |
| MMP-9 | TAA | Serum | 79 |
Upregulated, (P < 0.05) |
Li T et al., 2018; Sangiorgi G et al., 2006; Maguire et al., 2019 | |
| TIMP-1 | TAA | Plasma | 125 | Upregulated | Pasta S et al. [162] | |
| Serine proteinase inhibitor | A1AT |
TAA/ TAAD |
Serum | 51 | Downregulated (P = 0.0016) | Dako F et al. [39] |
| ECM degradation | ACAN | TAAD | Plasma | 33 |
Upregulated, (p < 0.001) |
König KC et al., [104] |
| PG | TAAD | Serum | 24 | Upregulated | Rai P et al. [170] | |
| GAG | TAAD | Serum | 24 | Upregulated | ||
| Microcalcification | AHSG | TAA/D | Serum | 14 |
downregulated, (p = 0.0002) |
Kazamia R et al. [99] |
| miR-574-5p | TAA/D | Serum | 28 |
Upregulated, (p < 0.001) |
Boileau A et al., [22] | |
| Inflammation | IL-6 | TAAD | Plasma | 158 |
Upregulated, (p = 0.018) |
Meccanici F et al. [135] |
| GDF-15 | TAAD | Plasma | 158 |
Upregulated, (p = 0.006) |
Meccanici F et al. [135] | |
| TLT-2 | TAAD | Plasma | 158 | Upregulated (P = 0.00042) | Thijssen CGE et al. [200] | |
| C18-ceramide | TAAD | Plasma | 70 |
upregulated (p < 0.001) |
Yang H et al. [222] | |
| IL-8 | TAA | Serum | 52 |
Upregulated (p < 0.0001) |
Daskalopoulou A et al. [41] | |
| ICAM1 | TAA | Serum | 52 |
Upregulated (p < 0.0001) |
Daskalopoulou A et al. [41] | |
| CCL5 | TAA | Serum | 52 |
Upregulated (p < 0.0001) |
Daskalopoulou A et al. [41] | |
| HBD1 | TAA | Serum | 52 |
Upregulated (p < 0.0001) |
Daskalopoulou A et al. [41] |
MMP matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, A1AT Alpha1 Antitrypsin, ACAN Aggrecan, PG Proteoglycan, GAG Glycosaminoglycans, AHSG Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; IL = interleukin, GDF-15 Growth differentiation factor 15, TLT-2 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2, ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CCL5 C–C Motif Chemokine ligand 5, HBD1 Human beta-defensin 1