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. 2024 Feb 2;52(3):1143–1151. doi: 10.1007/s15010-023-02171-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Comparison of humoral immunity following infection between UV, VNR, and VR. A–D Patient sera were analyzed for NAB, anti-N- and anti-S-antibodies as well as anti-S-antibody avidity. Bar and whiskers mark the mean with standard error. Sera of UV (n = 13), VNR (n = 34), and VR (n = 40) were compared. Statistical analysis was performed via the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's correction. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, n.s. not significant. A VR (mean = 13; SEM = ± 2); VNR (mean = 11; SEM = ± 5); UV (mean = 42; SEM = ± 14); VR vs. VNR (p = 0.0005); VR vs. UV (p = > 0.999); VNR vs. UV (p = 0.0086). B VR (mean = 711; SEM = ± 37); VNR (mean = 283; SEM = ± 63); UV (mean = 234; SEM = ± 95); VR vs. VNR (p = < 0.0001); VR vs. UV (p = < 0.0001); VNR vs. UV (p = 0.64). C VR (mean = 25,446; SEM = ± 2370); VNR (mean = 7930; SEM = ± 1588); UV (mean = 4180; SEM = ± 940); VR vs. VNR (p = < 0.0001); VR vs. UV (p = < 0.0001); VNR vs. UV (p = 0.719). D VR (mean = 78; SEM = ± 2); VNR (mean = 42; SEM = ± 3); UV (mean = 61; SEM = ± 4); VR vs. VNR (p = < 0.0001); VR vs. UV (p = 0.0016); VNR vs. UV (p = > 0.999)